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Urology > Week 5 > Flashcards

Week 5 Flashcards

1
Q

6 host defenses against UTI?

A
  1. unobstructed urine flow
  2. specific urine characteristics such as osmolality, pH, etc
  3. emptying bladder promptly and efficiently
  4. chemo-attractant secretion with presence of bacteria
  5. specific serum and urinary antibodies
  6. flora in periurethral area of the prostate
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2
Q

how to do urine collection? follow up if repeat or recurrent UTI?

A

MSCC to decrease change of contamination from vaginal/perirectal area
if repeat or recurrent UTI repeat UA in 10-14 d then again in 4-6 wks

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3
Q

indications for further urological testing?

A

boys and men <50 yo
ssxs suggesting KD involvement
recurrent cystitis, esp in young girls
complicating factors such as diabetes, PG, hx of acute PN in last year, sxs lasting >7 d, recurrent >3x/yr, nosocomial infxn, sxs of renal failure, recent UT procedure, renal transplant, immunosuppression, prostatitis, infected urinary stone

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4
Q

MCC of urethritis in men? in the US? GCU MC in who?

A

STI - usu gonorrhea, followed by chlamydia, ureplasma, trichomonas
non-gonococcal urethritis is 2x as common as gonococcal-chlamdial urthritis in US
GCU is more common in homosexual males

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5
Q 
Copius, purulent urethral discharge (yellow brown), dysuria, urethral itching
More acute onset   
Prostate involved: freq, urg, noct
Spread to vas def: epididymitis
May be asymptomatic!
A

GCU

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6
Q

Dysuria, scant, white to clear watery urethral discharge,
dysuria, urethral itching
Less acute onset (longer incubation period)

A

NGU

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7
Q

Meatal edema, urethral tenderness
Gonococcal proctitis: rectal bleed
Periurethritis leading to urethral stenosis
Disseminated dz: arthritis, hepatitis, endocarditis,

A

GCU

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8
Q

Meatal edema and erythema

A

NGU

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9
Q

Urine NAAT PCR (sensitive but will not clarify antibiotic sensitivities, $)
DNA probe (not as sensitive)
Cultures of pharynx and rectum if indicated
Urethral smear: PMN’s, gram-negative diplococci

A

GCU

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10
Q

Urine NAAT PCR
Gram stain
DNA probe

A

NGU

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11
Q

DDX of GCU?

A

NGU, HSV

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12
Q

DDX of NGU?

A

GCU, HSV, trichomonas

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13
Q

if suspected or confirmed gonococcal urethritis what is the tx?

A

ceftriaxone (250 mg IM) PLUS azithromycin (1-2 g single dose) OR doxycycline 100 mg bid x 7 d

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14
Q

if suspected or confirmed chlamydia urethritis what is the tx?

A

azithromycin (1 gm) SD OR doxycycline 100 mg bid x 7d

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15
Q

adjunctive tx for GCU?

A 
pelvic rest
probiotics
bromelain 300 mg TID ic to enhance tissue penetration
vitamins C, A and zind
echinacea, eleutherococcus
urinary demulcent botanicals (marshmallow, zea mays)
anti-inflam botanicals: boswellia
alternating sitz or spray to pelvis
counseling to avoid future infxn
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16
Q

what will happen if you don’t treat GCU in men?

A

can resolve w/o tx but can produce a high rate of asx carriage which may result in chronic infertility, chronic prostatitis, chronic epididymitis, recurrent acute infections

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17
Q

complications of NGU?

A

epididymitis, prostatitis, proctitis, Reactive arthritis (reactive arthritis triad: arthritis, uveitis, urethritis), lymphogranuloma venereum

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18
Q

MCC of acute urethritis in women? ssxs? UA results for chlamydia?

A

usu gonorrhea or chlamydia
ssxs: polyuria, frequency, urgency, lower abd pn, can accompany cervicitis
chlamydia may show pyuria

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19
Q

what medications to tx acute urethritis are C/I in PG?

A

fluroquinolones and tetracyclines as they are teratogenic!

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20
Q

DDX of acute urethritis in women?

A

detergents in bubble baths and some spermicides may cause non-bacterial urethritis (WBCs but no organisms seen on UA)

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21
Q

risks for developing chronic urethritis?

A

Spread from cervical or vaginal infx, STI (genital-genital, oral-genital), indwelling catheter,
Contaminated diapers, trauma (intercourse, childbirth)

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22
Q

ssxs of chronic urethritis?

A

Resembles symptoms of cystitis with longer duration
Dysuria, frequency, nocturia, urethral discomfort when walking
Meatal redness, hypersensitive meatus and urethra Usu but not always urethral d/c

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23
Q

DDX of chronic urethritis?

A

cystitis, psychological cause, interstitial cystitis

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24
Q

diagnosis of chronic urethritis? labs and instrumentation

A

initial UA may contain pus and bac
midstream sample - no pus
WBCs w/o bac suggests NGU (may be chlamydia)
may culture out strep faecalis, E. coli or ureaplasma
instrumentation: panendoscopy will show red and granular mucosa, mb inflam polyps in proximal urethra

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25
Q

tx and management of chronic urethritis?

A

Culture-specific antibiotic if organism found
Probiotics
Gradual urethral dilatations up to 36F in adults
Consider regular, local application of an antiseptic (e.g. hexachlorophene,) to the introitus to reduce bacteria counts of the perineum, vagina, and vulva
Botanicals: demulcents, urinary antiseptics

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26
Q

RFs for cystitis?

A 
change in flora, decrease in urine flow, damage to mucous membranes, change in pH 
prior abx use
anal intercourse
infrequent urination
prostate of KD dz
PG
spermicides
tampon use
blood group A or AB non=-secretor
fecal or urinary incontinence
external contamination
vaginal douching
poor hygiene
DM
instrumentation
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27
Q

ssxs of cystitis?

A

Classic symptoms: dysuria (pn/burning), frequency, urgency, suprapubic pn
RARELY back pain or fever
Urethral discharge may be present but little tenderness on palpation.
Pt may void in unusual positions, (HP repertory) or not want to void due to pain.
Kids may have non-specific sx

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28
Q

4 potential pathogenic mechs of cystitis?

A
  1. ascending from periurethral area
  2. hematogenous spread of infection to the KD in immunocomp pts
  3. lymphatogenous spread through rectal, colonic, peri-uterine lympahtics
  4. direct extension and spread from neighborhing organisms
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29
Q

virulence factors of E. coli? make up what %age of cystitis causes?

A

adherence properties; resist bacteriocidal activity, produce hemolysin (initiates tissue invasion), express K capsular antigen (protects from phagocytosis)
2 types of pili (fimbriae)
80% of cystitis cases are dt E. coli

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30
Q

cystitis causative factor MC in kids? most commonly cause nosocomial infxns? MCC UTIs in young women, negative nitrites? can cause urethritis, prostatis, epididymitis, mimic cystitis, routine culture (=) since IC bac?

A

MC in kids: klebsiella, enterobacter
nosocomial infxns: pseudomonas, staph
UTIs in young women, negative nitrites: staphylococcus sap
urethritis, prostatitis, epididymitis: chlamydia

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31
Q

DDX for dysuria, urgency, frequency?

A

vulvovaginitis, STI causing urethritis or pyuria, IC HSV, trauma cystitis, eosinophilic cystitis

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32
Q

DDX hematuria?

A

neoplasia or nephrolithiaisis, psychological dysfunction (eg psychogenic purpura/hematuria) PID, Pyelonephritis

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33
Q

in kids, fever can cause what UA finding? in FUO need to r/o what?

A

fever can cause pyuria

need to r/o URI then UTI

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34
Q

dx for cystitis?

A

UA shows pyuria, bacteriuria, hematuria (gross or microscopic), pos LE, protein trace or +1, nitrite usu (+) unless amicrobic, NO CASTS

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35
Q

tx and management of cystitis based on what?

A

based on complication of case, sensitivity from C and S, age, sex, concomitants, vitality

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36
Q

abx options in uncomplicated cystitis in women?

A

nitrofuratoin: 100mg twice a day for 5 days
OR TMP-SMX: one double strength (160/800mg) twice a day for 3 days
OR fosfomycin 3 g sachet SD

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37
Q

abx options in complicated cystitis in women?

A

ciprofloxacin: 500mg po twice a day for 5-14 days OR
evofloxacin: 750 mg po daily for 5-14 days
Parenteral treatment may be needed if cannot tolerate oral meds

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38
Q

abx options for men with complicated and uncomplicated cystitis?

A

complicated: paernteral tx mb needed
uncomplicated: TMP-SMX: one double strength (160/800mg) twice/d x 7 days

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39
Q

naturopathic tx options for cystitis? lifestyle recommendations? supplements? hygiene? sexual? botanicals?

A

avoid sugar, EtOH, caffeine, aspartame, tobacco, bananas, avocados, figs, yogurt, chocolate
clarify and avoid allergens
flush organisms by drinking filtered water (8 oz) q 20 min for 2-3 q then every hour
cranberry juice
supplements: vit c, a, e, D-mannose
hygiene: white cotton underwear, change daily, use mild detergents, avoid tampons, use non-deodorized sanitary pads, wipe front to back, avoid bubble baths, shower after swimming, avoid tight paints
sexual: avoid BCPs, spermicidal creams, leaving diaphragm inserted, check latex allergy, avoid vaginal intercourse after anal w/o changing condom, use adequate vaginal lubrication
botanicals: berberis, uva ursi, apis, pulsatilla, buchu, cantharis, capsicum, solidago, taraxacum, zea mays

40
Q

HP to consider for cystitis?

A

cantharis, sarsaparilla, apis, merc cor, staphy, benzoic acid, pulsatilla, causticum, cannibis sat, arsenicum, equisetum, lycopodium, med, staph, nux v., sepia

41
Q

how to alter urine pH to tx or prevent cystitis?

A

acidify urine via unsweetened cranberry, blueberry juice/capsules
alkalinize urine via K, Na citrate, citrus juice

42
Q

what hormone can you use for postmenopausal women to prevent and tx cystitis?

A

estriol cream 0.5 mg IV qd

43
Q

what can cause unresolved cystitis?

A

Bacterial resistance, mixed infx, non-compliance with antibiotic course, Staghorn calculi, papillary necrosis

44
Q

what can cause reinfection (UTI, cystitis)?

A

New infx with new pathogens, typically by the fecal-perineal-urethra route after 3 to 4 weeks from the previous infection.

45
Q

what can cause bacterial persistence?

A

sequestration of bacteria in protected site
Due to: infected stones, chronic bacterial prostatitis, utereral duplication, foreign body, urethral diverticula, infected urachal cysts, perivesical abscess with fistula to bladder, biofilm development

46
Q

DDX of cystitis?

A

Eosinophilic cystitis (rare) (from food allergens, drugs): see eosinophils in filtrate

47
Q

RFs of pyelonephritis? ssxs? PE?

A

RFs: Unsafe sex practices, DM, urinary tract abnormalities, nephrolithiasis, catheter, BPH
ssxs: preceding LUT infx, fever/chills, anorexia, N&V, dysuria, polyuria, myalgia, flank pain
PE: Appear ill/toxic, temp 101-104°F, tachycardic, pos CVA tenderness, abdominal guarding

48
Q

DX of PN? CBC, UA, microscopy, C and S?

A

CBC: Elevated WBC with left shift
UA: Dipstick: pos LE, nitrites, Protein is usu negative; presence is ominous sign suggesting nephron destruction
Microscopic: Many WBCs and WBC casts
Glitter cells=PMN’s with cytoplasmic granules in state of Brownian motion
Hematuria, bacteriuria, may see bacterial casts
Urine culture and sensitivity: >100,000 cfu/ml

49
Q

when would you order imaging with suspected PN?

A

poorly responding to treatment; boys, older men (also check prostate); diabetics; history of stones; history of previous urologic surgery; immunosuppressed; previous episodes of PN

50
Q

DDX of PN?

A

PID (+CMT); Nephrolithiasis (blood, no fever, inc pain); appendicitis (+McBurney’s, +psoas); Acute GN (RBC casts, protein); Perinephritic abscess (mass); endometriosis (cyclic nature); acute abdomen (peritonitis, +rebound tenderness)

51
Q

tx and management of PN with abx? if stable, minimal illness and well hydrated? if sick? consider hospitalization when?

A

appropriate abx based on C and S
stable, minimal illness, well hydrated: cipro 500 mg BID x 7 d
levofloxacin 750 mg qd x 5 d
TMP/sulfa 160/80 mg one double strength bid
sick pts: hospitalization, IV fluids, IV abx
consider hospitalization if toxic, DM, immunocompromised, suspected bacteremia, persistent N/V, suspected obstruction, PG

52
Q

other supportive measurements for cystitis tx?

A 
increase fluids
bed rest
probiotics w/after abx
uva ursi, aconite, galium
vit c, a, zinc
renafood, renatropin
physical med: diathermy over KD
COP over KD
oregano EO single drop
anti-inflams, digestive enzymes
may see specific indications for ribes nigram, juniperis
prevent recurrence by addressing risks
53
Q

f/u of cystitis? what do you need to measure/monitor?

A

if no improvement in 48-72 hrs mb urinary stasis dt obstruction of ureter - monitor BUN/Cr for KD fxn
CT or US for further assessment
may need to continue to tx for 3-4 wks
if persistent or recurrent sxs then repeat cultures

54
Q

prognosis of cystitis?

A

usu heal w/o problems or seqeulae in uncomplicated cases
complications: renal abscess requiring drainage
acute PN may lead to tubular necrosis, glomerular infection, papillary necrosis, acute renal failure, sepsis with shock and possibly death
acute PN can be a source for sepsis

55
Q

DDX of cystitis?

A

emphysematous PN
acute focal or multifocal bac nephritis
pyonephrosis
xanthogranulomatous PN

56
Q

acute necrotizing infxn caused by gas producing uropathogens, often in DM pts, common triad is fever, vomiting, flank pn, seen on plain film, excretory urography, tx w/hydration, IV abx, mb surgery

A

emphysematous pyelonephritis

57
Q

more severe than PN, seen in DM, sepsis common, dx w/U/S and CT, tx with abx, hydration

A

acute focal or multifocal bacterial nephritis

58
Q

infected hydronephrosis leading to suppurative destruction of renal parenchyma, pt very ill w/fever, chills, flank pn, mb no bacteriuria w/obstruction, dx w/U/S or CT, tx with drainage and abx

A

pyonephrosis

59
Q

accumulation of lipid laden macrophages often from nephrolithiasis, obstruction or proteus or E. coli infxn, recurrent UTIs, flank pn, fever, wt loss, large, non-functioning KD seen on CT, ab surgery (often nephrectomy)

A

xanthogranulomatous PN

60
Q

B/L pyogenic KD infxn or congenital reflux nephropathy leading to parenchymal scarring and atrophy of the calyces, over 20+ years

A

chronic pyelonephritis

61
Q

RFs of chronic pyelonephritis?

A 
elderly
DM
chronic urolithiasis
low water intake/infrequent urination
urine reflux
sedentary lifestyle
BPH w/obstruction
chronic analgesic use
recurrent bacterial UTI
62
Q

ssxs: usu asx, found incidentally w/imaging; with progression seen HTN, renal failure develops; oliguria late stage, nonspecific except as renal failure develops

A

chronic PN

63
Q

how to dx chronic PN?

A

UA: bacteriuria and pyuria if active infxn, minimal proteinuria until glomerular involvement
dec SG and urine osmolality mb 1st clues
late see granular, waxy, broad casts

64
Q

what will chronic PN look like on KUB? on IVU, CT or U/S? voiding cystogram?

A

KUB: small KDs, irregular outline
IVU, CT, U/S: small atrophic, scarred KDs, impaired excretion of contrast material and possibly stones and dilated ureters
voiding cystogram: to R/O vesicoureteral reflux

65
Q

DDX of chronic PN?

A

KD fibrosis, bladder CA, RCC, BPH, chronic prostatitis, prostate CA, nephrolithiasis

66
Q

management and tx options for chronic PN?

A 
optimize health! (limited tx options if late dz as renal damage can be irreversible)
eliminate current UTI
probiotics
immune support
correct structural problems
proteolytic enzymes
anti-inflams
antioxs
constitutional hydro
renal protective
R/O DM, cystic dz, analgesic use
67
Q

RFs for renal abscess? when to consider?

A

RFs: previous hx of calculi, neurogenic bladder, vesicoureteral reflux, DM, PCKDs
consider renal abscess if acute renal infxn does not improve after 5 days of treatment!

68
Q

ssxs of renal abscess?

A

similar to acute PN

fever, chills, flank pn, N/V, malaise, CVA, abd tenderness

69
Q

dx of renal abscess?

A

CBC shows leukocytosis w/L shift
blood cultures (+)
UA shows pyuria, bacteriuria, moderate proteinuria
CT is crucial to make dx! better than U/S

70
Q

DDX of renal abscess?

A

acute PN with papillary necrosis
emphysematous PN
RCC

71
Q

management and tx options of renal abscess?

A

abx therapy
referral if not better in 48 hrs - order perQ aspiration under CT or U/S guidance
open surgical drainage - last resort

72
Q

possible complication of renal abscess? what is it? ssxs?

A

perinephric adn paranephric abscess - purulent material ruptures to surrounding area
ssxs: fever >5 d, chills, fever, abd pn, dysuria, symptoms >4 d, tender, palpable abd mass, flank pn w/skin erythema, abscess seen on renal U/S
tx is the same as for a renal abscess

73
Q

RFs for nephrolithiasis?

A 
males btw 30-50 yo
SES
(+) FHx
chronic diarrhea
females post-meno
obesity
chemotherapy
sedentary occupation
crystalluria
hot climate
meds: diuretics, antacids, anti-HTN
diet: high fat, animal proteins, fructose, Na, oxalates, coffee, EtOH, low fiber, low fluid intake
74
Q

factors that contribute to stone formation?

A

calcium (aim to decrease calcium in urine)
oxalate (high dietary intake can precipitate stones)
phosphate
uric acid
magnesium

75
Q

inhibitors of stones?

A

sodium
citrate
magnesium
sulfate

76
Q

5 different types of stones and the MC type?

A 
calcium oxalate (MC stone type)
struvite
calcium phosphate
uric acid
cystine
77
Q

low water intake, hyperoxaluria, hypercalciuria, hyperuricosuria, hypocitriuria, hyperPTH
radiopaque <1 cm, white on KUB

A

calcium oxalate

78
Q

GU tract colonization by urea-splitting organisms

radiopaque, often staghorn

A

struvite (magnesium ammonia phosphate)

79
Q

hyperPTH, renal tubular acidosis

radiopaque

A

calcium phosphate

80
Q

hyeruricosuria

radiolucent (black)

A

uric acid

81
Q

cystinuria, radiopaque

A

cystine (rare)

82
Q

DDX of nephrolithiasis?

A

appendicitis, diverticular dz, PUD, ovarian torsion/rupture, ectopic PG, PID, bowel obstruction, biliary stones, RAS, abd aortic aneurysm, PN, UTI, phleboliths, cholelithiasis, calcified nodes, foreign body ***also consider narcotic-seeking individuals

83
Q

ssxs of nephrolithiasis?

A 
pain
hematuria, pyuria
developing infxn (PN)
N/V
increased thirst, increased urinary frequency
oliguria if stone blocks ureter
abd pn, low back pn
restlessness
84
Q

labs with nephrolithiasis?

A

proteinuria (will rise w/infxn, obstruction, development of RF)
hematuria, pyuria
pH will vary depending on stone type
BUN and Cr to assess renal fxn
Specific gravity
strain urine for stone sediment so as to identify

85
Q

what do you need to measure for chronic stone formers?

A

24 hour urine to look at calcium, oxalate, citrate, uric acid, creatinine, total volume, pH, urea, nitrogen and sodium

86
Q

special situation which can precipitate stones?

A 
PG
dysmorphia (spinal cord injury, cerebral palsy, spina bifida)
obesity
medullary sponge KD
renal tubular acidosis
TCC or SCC in upper urinary tract
pediatric RFs
caliceal diverticular
renal malformations
87
Q

indications to refer a pt w/nephrolithiasis to a urologist?

A 
stone > 5 mm 
sxs of obstruction or KD damage
anuria
staghorn calculus
cystine stone
persistent vomiting
pn unresponsive to oral analgesics
88
Q

treatment and management strategy with nephrolithiasis?

A 
most will pass on own w/in 48 hrs
initial KUB to locate and measure stone
increase fluid intake 
magnesium citrate
deal with any infection
NSAIDs or opioids for pn relief
herbs for pain relief, increasing diuresis, antimicrobial, alkalinize or acidify urine
HPs
homeopathy (vinegar packs) 
IV magnesium, pyridoxine in lactated ringer's
dissolution agents
89
Q

how to prevent recurrence of nephrolithiasis?

A

increase fluids!
stone analysis, 24 hr urine collection
Na and Calcium restricted diet for few days
oral meds to alkalinize (K citrate, sodium, potassium bicarb), acidify (prunes, plums, vit C, orange juice) urine
gastrointestinal absorption inhibitors
hibiscus or hydrangea for uricosuric effect and prevent recurrence
increase fiber, decrease refined sugar, decrease high oxalate foods, animal products, increase fruits and vegetables

90
Q

specific nutrients which can be helpful in preventing recurrent nephrolithiasis?

A 
vitamin B6
folic acid
glutamic acid
vitamin K
taurine
glycosaminoglycans
NAC
lactobacillus
EPA
91
Q

causes voiding dysfunction (urethral stricture, BPH, bladder neck contracture, flaccid or spastic neurogenic bladder) or foreign body (catheter), stagnant urine precipitates stones
irritative voiding, intermittent urinary stream, UTIs, hematuria, pelvic pn
U/S is diagnostic
most stones can be crushed and removed by cystoscope

A

bladder stone

92
Q

usu sm and numerous, composed of calcium phosphate, dx: radiograph or transrectal U/S

A

prostatic stones

93
Q

smooth, hard, rare, mb assoc w/hemospermia, PE reveals hard stony gland w/crunching when multiple stones are present

A

seminal vesicle stones

94
Q

usu from bladder, most pass spontaneously, caused by urinary stasis, urethral diverticulum, near urethral strictures or at sites of previous surgery
in men prostatic or bulbar regions, solitary
in women, rare, most assoc w/urethral diverticular
ssxs: similar to bladder stones, pn mb severe in men, radiating to the tip of the penis
dx w/palpation, f/o w/radiography

A

urethral stones

95
Q

develop secondary to a severe obstructive phimosis or poor hygiene w/inspissated smegma
dx via palpation
tx underlying cause w/a dorsal preputial slit or circumcision

A

prepucal stones

Urology (9 decks)

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