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Human Phys LFS112 > Week 5, Cell Metabolism > Flashcards

Week 5, Cell Metabolism Flashcards

1
Q

The carbon dioxide of respiration is formed during

A

the citric acid cycle.

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2
Q

Creatine phosphate

A

acts as an energy reserve in muscle tissue.

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3
Q

The process of glycogen formation is known as

A

glycogenesis.

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4
Q

When the body is relying on internal energy reserves to continue meeting its energy demands, it is in the ________ state.

A

postabsorptive

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5
Q

Carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins are classified as

A

organic molecules.

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6
Q

Chemical reactions that yield energy, such as heat, are said to be

A

exergonic.

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7
Q

The most abundant high-energy compound in cells is

A

adenosine triphosphate.

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8
Q

The ________ represents the minimum resting energy expenditures of an awake, alert individual.

A

basal metabolic rate

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9
Q

During starvation,

A

muscle proteins are used as an energy source

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10
Q

The process of synthesizing glucose from noncarbohydrates is called

A

gluconeogenesis.

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11
Q

Compounds that can be synthesised or broken down by chemical reactions inside the body are called

A

metabolites.

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12
Q

The end products of aerobic respiration are

A

carbon dioxide, water, and ATP.

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13
Q

Glycoproteins and proteoglycans are combinations of amino acids and

A

carbohydrates.

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14
Q

Cells perform catabolism to generate ATP, which can be used for
Answers:
muscle contraction.

ion transport.

protein synthesis.

glycogen synthesis.

All of the answers are correct.

A

All of the answers are correct.

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15
Q

Cells synthesise new organic components for which of the following reasons?
Answers:
structural maintenance

growth and repair

produce secretions

store nutrients

All of the answers are correct.

A

All of the answers are correct.

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16
Q

During anaerobic glycolysis,
Answers:
ATP is produced.

pyruvic acid is produced.

oxygen is not consumed.

carbohydrate is metabolized.

All of the answers are correct.

A

All of the answers are correct.

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17
Q

Cholesterol, phospholipids, and glycolipids are examples of

A

structural lipids.

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18
Q

In oxidative phosphorylation, energy for the synthesis of ATP is directly obtained from the

A

movement of hydrogen ions through channels in the inner mitochondrial membrane.

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19
Q

In the liver, during the Cori cycle,
glucose is released from glycogen.

lactic acid is produced from glucose.

glucose is produced from lactic acid.

lactic acid is produced from pyruvic acid.

lactic acid is shuffled to muscle cells.

A

glucose is produced from lactic acid.

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20
Q

Decreased blood flow to a muscle could result in all of the following except

A

an increase in intracellular glycogen.

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21
Q

Which of the following would not lead to increased oxygen consumption?

A

increased anaerobic respiration by muscle cells

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22
Q

A high-energy bond in ATP is present between

A

phosphate groups 1 and 2 and between phosphate groups 2 and 3

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23
Q

The term ________ means each enzyme catalyzes only one type of reaction.

A

specificity

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24
Q

Carbohydrate molecules

A

are the body’s most readily available source of energy.

25
Q

During the recovery period the body’s need for oxygen is increased because

A

additional oxygen is required to restore energy reserves.

26
Q

Which one of the following metabolic processes occurs on the inner mitochondrial membrane and generates ATP by moving hydrogen ions (H+ ions) down their concentration gradient?

A

c.

electron transport chain.

27
Q

The minimum resting energy expenditures of an awake alert individual is called;

A

d.

the basal metabolic rate (BMR).

28
Q

What is the role of NADH in metabolism?

A

transport hydrogen atoms to coenzymes

29
Q

In glycolysis, each molecule of glucose that is catabolized gives a net yield of how many molecules of ATP?

A

2

30
Q

Which of the following descriptors is false regarding enzymes?

A

They are consumed during the reaction.

31
Q

Cells perform catabolism to generate ATP, which can be used for;
Answers:
a.
all of the answers above, a-c, are correct.

b.
muscle contraction.

c.
protein synthesis.

d.
ion transport against the gradient.

A

all of the answers above, a-c, are correct.

32
Q

Lipids
Answers:
form essential structural components of cells.

provide a significant energy reserve.

help to maintain body temperature.

cushion organs against shocks.

All of the answers are correct.

A

All of the answers are correct.

33
Q

Most of the fat found in the human body is in the form of triglycerides, composed of fatty acids and

A

glycerol.

34
Q

All of the following occur during the postabsorptive state except that
Answers:
glycogenolysis occurs in the liver.

levels of blood glucose are elevated.

ketone bodies may be formed.

fat mobilization occurs.

gluconeogenesis occurs in the liver.

A

levels of blood glucose are elevated.

35
Q

A polysaccharide that is formed in liver and muscle cells to store glucose is

A

glycogen.

36
Q

Which of the following statements regarding enzyme function is INCORRECT?
Answers:
a.
Once bound to their substrate. Enzymes are consumed and/or permanently altered in a reaction once bound to their substrate.

b.
The enzyme’s active site undergoes a conformational change after substrate(s) binding (called an ‘induced fit’) that lowers the activation energy of the reaction.

c.
Enzyme function can be affected by the pH and temperature of the environment.

d.
Due to the 3-dimensional structure of an enzyme they are highly specific for substrate(s) and reactions.

A

a.
Once bound to their substrate. Enzymes are consumed and/or permanently altered in a reaction once bound to their substrate.

37
Q

The main purpose of the citric acid cycle is to

A

supply hydrogen atoms to the Electron Transport System.

38
Q

What three types of nutrients can the cell use to generate ATP;

A

d.

glucose, triglycerides, amino acids.

39
Q

During glycolysis,
Answers:
a molecule of glucose is converted into two molecules of pyruvic acid.

four molecules of ATP are produced.

two molecules of ATP are consumed.

hydrogen atoms are removed from organic molecules.

All of the answers are correct.

A

All of the answers are correct.

40
Q

The end products of glycolysis are

A

ATP, NADH, and pyruvic acid.

41
Q

Gluconeogenesis is the synthesis of ________ from noncarbohydrate precursors, such as lactate, glycerol, or amino acids.

A

glucose

42
Q

Cells perform catabolism to generate ATP, which can be used for;
Answers:
a.
protein synthesis.

b.
muscle contraction.

c.
ion transport against the gradient.

d.
all of the answers above, a-c, are correct.

A

all of the answers above, a-c, are correct.

43
Q

One of the steps in the breakdown of glucose to produce energy is glycolysis. Which of the following statements about glycolysis is TRUE?
Answers:
a.
it has a net production of 12 molecules of ATP.

b.
it involves the conversion of one molecule of glucose into two molecules of pyruvic acid (also known as pyruvate).

c.
it is an anaerobic process.

d.
it occurs in the mitochondria.

A

b.

it involves the conversion of one molecule of glucose into two molecules of pyruvic acid (also known as pyruvate).

44
Q

Catabolism of protein is not a practical source of quick energy because of all of the following except that

A

most individuals have little protein to spare before harming vital organs.

45
Q

Molecules that store and process genetic information are the

A

nucleic acids.

46
Q

The sum of all of the biochemical processes going on within the human body at any given time is called

A

metabolism.

47
Q

Although other nutrients can feed into the citric acid cycle, ________ yields energy the quickest.

A

glucose

48
Q

Which of the following would lead to increased oxygen consumption?
Answers:
a.
all of the answers above, a-c, are correct.

b.
increased activity of electron transport chain.

c.
increased anaerobic glycolysis.

d.
increased glycolysis.

A

b.

increased activity of electron transport chain.

49
Q

Which metabolic process produces the most ATP molecules?
Answers:
glycolysis

gluconeogenesis

citric acid cycle

oxidative phosphorylation

Cori cycle

A

oxidative phosphorylation

50
Q

Reactions within ________ provide most of the energy needed by a typical cell.

A

the mitochondria

51
Q

The monomers of protein are

A

amino acids.

52
Q

The citric acid cycle /Krebs cycle/TCA cycle occurs in the

A

mitochondrial matrix.

53
Q

Identify the correct statement regarding the process of denaturation.
Answers:
It is affected by low temperatures.

It is unaffected by changes in pH.

It is the loss of protein structure.

It is an increase in enzyme activity.

It results in decreased substrate availability.

A

It is the loss of protein structure.

54
Q

Oxygen is an important molecule in which of the following?
Answers:

citric acid cycle and ETS

glycolysis, citric acid cycle, and ETS

citric acid cycle only

glycolysis only

ETS only

A

citric acid cycle and ETS

55
Q

Substrate molecules bind to enzymes at the ________ sites.

A

active

56
Q

In the electron transport chain,
Answers:
NADH and FADH2 donate hydrogen atoms.

reduced molecules transfer energy to ATP formation.

oxidative phosphorylation leads to ATP formation.

generates a concentration gradient by pumping hydrogen ions.

All of the answers are correct.

A

All of the answers are correct.

57
Q

Compounds that cells can use to make glucose include all of the following, except

A

acetyl-CoA.

58
Q

During activities requiring aerobic endurance,
Answers:
glycogen and glycolysis are the primary sources of reserve energy.

oxygen debts are common.

most of the muscle’s energy is produced in mitochondria.

fatigue occurs in a few minutes.

oxygen is not required.

A

most of the muscle’s energy is produced in mitochondria.

Human Phys LFS112 (12 decks)

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