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HS 2300B Final > Week 5 Content > Flashcards

Week 5 Content Flashcards

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1
Q

Functions of the Nervous System

A
  1. Sensory Input
  2. Integration
  3. Motor Output
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2
Q

Sensory Input

A

Detects stimuli inside and outside the body using sensory receptors

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3
Q

Integration

A

Processes and interprets sensory input to determine a response

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4
Q

Motor Output

A

Activates effector organs (muscles/glands) to produce a response

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5
Q

Basic Divisions of the Nervous System

A
  1. Central Nervous System (CNS)
    - Brain
    - Spinal Cord
  2. Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)
    - Crainial Nerves
    - Spinal Nerves
    - Ganglia (Clusters of neuron cell bodies)
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6
Q

Basic Functions of CNS and PNS

A

Central Nervous System
- Integrates and commands all nervous system activity

Peripheral Nervous System
- Connects the body to the CNS

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7
Q

Sensory Input (Afferent)

A

Signals from sensory receptors
- PNS to CNS

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8
Q

Motor Output (Efferent)

A

Signals from CNS
- Muscles and Glands

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9
Q

Division by Body Region

A
  1. Somatic Sensory
    - Senses information from body
  2. Visceral Sensory
    - Senses information from internal organs
  3. Somatic Motor
    - Controls muscle movement
  4. Visceral Motor (Autonomic Nervous System)
    - Controls involuntary movements (heart rate, digestion, etc)
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10
Q

Somatic

A

Body Structures
- Skin, muscles, joints

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11
Q

Visceral

A

Internal Organs

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12
Q

Functional Divisions of the PNS

A
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13
Q

Somatic Sensory Division (PNS)

A

General Senses: Widespread receptors in the body
- Touch
- Pain
- Vibration
- Pressure
- Temperature

Proprioception: Detects stretch in muscles and tendons

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14
Q

3 Types of Receptors

A
  1. Proprioceptors
    - For body positioning
  2. Cutaneous Receptors
    - For touch, pressure, and temperature

Meisner Corpuscles: Detect fine touch deep in the dermis
Paxinian Corpuscles: Detects pressure and vibration
Ruffini Nerve Endings: Detects pressure and stretch
Free Nerve Endings: Sense pain and temperature
Merkel Discs: Detects light touch
Krause and Bulbs: Detects touch, more for pressure and stretching
Root Hair Plexus: For hair feeling

  1. Nociceptors
    - For pain
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15
Q

Visceral Sensory Division (PNS)

A

Sensing things inside the body
- Stretch, pain, temperature, nausea, and hunger

Done through the digestive system, urinary system, and reproductive system

Vagus Nerve controls…
- Digestive system

Pelvic Nerve controls…
- Urinary and reproductive system

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16
Q

Somatic Motor Division (PNS)

A

Responsible for sending signals that make our skeletal muscles contract
- For voluntary control of muscle movement

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17
Q

Visceral Motor Division (PNS)

A

Controls the contraction of our smooth muscles, cardiac muscle, and visceral organs
- ie; digestion, heart rate

Part of Autonomic Nervous System
- Involuntary

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18
Q

Nervous Tissue

A

Densely packed

Neurons (Nerve cells): Transmit electrical signals

Glia: Support cells, non-excitable; surround and protect neurons

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19
Q

Glia of the CNS

A

Astrocytes
- Support neurons, maintain blood brain barrier

Microglia
- Immune cells of the brain

Ependymal Cells
- Make cerebral spinal fluid

Oligodendrocytes
- Form myelin sheaths around the neurons

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20
Q

Glia of the PNS

A

Schwann Cells
- Surround axons of the myelin sheath

Satellite Cells
- Support and protect the ganglia

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21
Q

Neurons

A

Basic unit of the nervous system
- Special nerve cells that conduct electrical impulses (action potentials)
- Can last a lifetime
- High Metabolic Rate: Require oxygen and glucose; die after 5 minutes

Non-dividing cells
- Precursor cells are neural stem cells (regenerative cells)

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22
Q

Cell Body (Soma)

A

Main structural component of neurons
- 5 to 140 um in size
- Contains organelles and unique structures

Neurofibrils: Bundles of intermediate filaments that form a network

Most cell bodies are in the CNS
- Form ganglia in the PNS

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23
Q

Neuron Processes (From Cell Body)

A
  1. Axons
  2. Dendrites
  3. Axon Branching
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24
Q

Dendrites

A

Branch extensively from the cell body
- Receive signals from other neurons
- Transmit signals towards the cell body

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25
Axons
Only one per neuron - Transmit impulses away from the cell body - Axon Helix generates electrical impulses - Neurofilaments, actin, and microtubules support the axon and aid in axonal transport
26
Axon Branching
1. Axon Collaterals - Infrequent branches 2. Terminal Arborization - Multiple branches at the end, ending in terminal boutons
27
Nerve Impulse
1. Generated at the axon hillock 2. Conducted to the terminal boutons (branches at end of axon) 3. Vesicles release neurotransmitters into synapse
28
Synapse
Where neurons communicate - Most signals passed through chemical signals - Electrical transmission of some signals through gap junction
29
Presynaptic Neuron
Transmits toward the synapse
30
Postsynaptic Neuron
Transmits away from the synapse
31
Functional Classification of Neurons
1. Sensory Neuron 2. Motor Neuron 3. Interneuron
32
Sensory (Afferent) Neurons
Transmit impulses towards the CNS - Cell bodies in ganglia outside the CNS Processes - Central: Terminates in the CNS - Peripheral: Extends from sensory receptors
33
Motor (Efferent) Neurons
Carry impulses away from the CNS to effector organs - Cell bodies in the CNS - Form junctions with effector cells
34
Interneurons (Association Neurons)
Located between motor and sensory neurons - Only in CNS - Relay information between these neurons
35
Myelin Sheaths
Composed of the lipoprotein myelin - Surrounds thicker axons - Prevents current leakage and increase conduction speed Nodes of Ranvier: Gaps along axons - Speed up signal transmission
36
Myelin Sheaths in the PNS
Formed by Schwann cells - Wrap around axons in concentric layers
37
Myelin Sheaths in the CNS
Formed by oligodendrocytes - Coil around multiple axons (3-50 at one time)
38
Gray Matter
Neurons that aren't myelinated - Contain neuron cell bodies, dendrites, short nonmyelinated neurons, and neuroglia Surrounds central cavities of the CNS - Site of synapses Dorsal Horn: Interneuron cell bodies Ventral Horn: Motor neuron cell bodies
39
White Matter
Myelinated Neurons - Axons connect regions of the CNS Tracts: Bundles of axons traveling to similar destinations
40
Nerves
Cable-like organs in the PNS - Connect the brain and the spinal cord to the rest of the body Many axons wrapped in connective tissue - Myelinated (Schwann Cells) and non-myelinated - Sensory and motor
41
Components of the Nervous System
42
Neuronal Integrations
PNS Nerves - Afferent Fibers: Pick up sensory signals and send them to the CNS - Efferent Fibers: Carry signals from the CNS to muscles and glands CNS Nerves - Interneurons: Receive and send sensory nervous system to CNS - Initiate motor responses
43
Reflex Arcs
Simple chains of neurons responsible for reflexes - Rapid, autonomic motor responses (visceral or somatic)
44
Reflex Arc Components
1. Receptor: Detects stimulus 2. Sensory Neuron: Transmits afferent impulses to the CNS 3. Integration Center: One or more synapses in the CNS 4. Motor Neuron: Sends efferent impulses to the effector 5. Effector: Muscle or gland that responds (contracts or secretes)
45
Monosynaptic Reflex
Fastest and simplest type of reflex - Only one synapse involves - No interneurons involves - ie; Knee-jerk reflex
46
Polysynaptic Reflex
More common reflex, involves one or more interneurons - Interneurons relay signals to motor neurons - ie; Withdrawal reflex
47
Rostral
Toward the nose
48
Caudal
Toward the tail
49
Brain Functions
Controls heart rate, respiratory rate, and blood pressure Regulates the autonomic nervous system and endocrine system Controls head movements and sensations via cranial nerves
50
Brain - Higher Cognitive Processes
Intelligence Consciousness Memory Sensory-motor integration Emotion Behavior Socialization
51
Basic Parts of the Brain
Brain Stem: Midbrain, pons, and medulla Cerebellum Diencephalon Cerebrum: Two hemispheres
52
Ventricles
Fluid-filled cavities within the brain, contain cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)
53
Lateral Ventricles
Cerebral hemispheres, horseshoe-shaped
54
Third Ventricle
Diencephalon, connected to lateral ventricles by the interventricular foramen
55
Cerebral Aqueduct
Connects the third and fourth ventricles
56
Fourth Ventricle
Hindbrain, connects to the central canal of the spinal cord
57
Distribution of Gray and White Matter
Gray Matter: Central, contains neuronal cell bodies White Matter: External, consists of axons Cortex: Outer layer of gray matter in the cerebrum and cerebellum
58
Brain Stem Functions
Pathway for fiber tracts between the cerebrum and spinal cord Facial and head innervation (10/12 cranial nerves) Controls automatic survival behaviour Integrates auditory and visual reflexes
59
Midbrain
Between the diencephalon and pons Cerebral Aqueduct: Central cavity for CSF flow Cerebral Peduncles: Ventral tracts for motor commands (corticospinal) Superior Cerebellar Peduncles: Link midbrain to cerebellum
60
Other Midbrain Structures
Periaqueductal Gray Matter: Fight or flight responses, pain modulation Corpora Quadrigemina - Superior Colliculi: Visual reflexes - Inferior Colliculi: Auditory reflexes Pigmented Nuclei - Substantia Nigra: Produces dopamine, linked to motor control - Red Nucleus: Coordinates limb movement
61
Organization of the Midbrain
Tectum: Above the cerebral aqueduct, includes the superior and inferior colliculi (Sensory processing and reflexes) Tegmentum: Below the cerebral aqueduct, includes the red nucleus, substantia nigra, and reticular formation (Motor control, arousal, movement, and sleep)
62
Midbrain Innervation
III - Oculomotor Nerve IV - Trochlear Nerve
63
Pons
Bridge between the midbrain and medulla oblongata Motor tracts from the cerebral cortex Pontine Nuclei: Connects the cortex to the cerebellum via middle cerebellar peduncles
64
Pons Innervation
V - Trigeminal Nerve VI - Abducens Nerve VII - Facial Nerve
65
Medulla Oblongata
Caudal part of the brainstem, continuous with the spinal cord - Contains reticular formation Autonomic Centers: Cardiac, vasomotor, and respiratory regulation Hiccupping, sneezing, swallowing, and coughing
66
Medulla Oblongata - Major Structures
Pyramids: On ventral surface Decussation of the Pyramids: Crossing over of motor tracts Inferior Cerebellar Peduncles: Fiber tracts connecting the medulla and cerebellum Olive: Contains inferior olivary nucleus
67
Medulla Oblongata Innervation
VIII - Vestibulocochlear Nerve IX - Glossopharyngeal Nerve X - Vagus Nerve XII - Hypoglossal Nerve
68
Cerebellum - Functions
Dorsal (back) to pons and medulla Coordinates body movements Controls posture, balance, and fine motor movement
69
Cerebellum - Higher Cognitive Functions
Motor Tasks Working Memory Task Emotion Processing Task Social Processing Language Processing
70
Cerebellar Hemispheres
Surface folded into ridges called folia - Separated by fissures Subdivisions 1. Anterior Lobe 2. Posterior Lobe 3. Flocculonodular Lobe
71
Cerebellar Regions
1. Cortex (Gray Matter) 2. Arbor Vitae (Internal White Matter) 3. Deep Cerebellar Nuclei (Deep Gray Matter)
72
Cerebellar Cortex Functions
Input from... 1. Equilibrium Sensors 2. Cerebral Cortex 3. Sensory Receptors (Limbs, neck, and trunk) Compares intended movement with body position - Adjust and fine-tune motor commands
73
Cerebellar Peduncles
Superior, Middle, and Inferior Peduncles - Thick tracts connecting the cerebellum to the brain stem Ipsilateral Pathways: Fibers travel to and from the same side of the body
74
Diencephalon
Core of the forebrain, surrounded by cerebral hemispheres 3 Paired Structures 1. Thalamus 2. Hypothalamus 3. Epithalamus Borders the third ventricle Primarily gray matter
75
Thalamus
80% of Diencephalon - 12 major nuclei Relay station for sensory signals to the cerebral cortex Afferent impulses synapse in the thalamic nuclei Nuclei amplify or tone down signals
76
Hypothalamus
Between the optic chiasm and the mamillary bodies Pituitary gland projects inferiorly Contains 12 nuclei Main visceral control center of the body
77
Hypothalamus Functions
4 F's Fight: Behaviour and control of emotional responses Flight: Emotions responses and ANS control Feeding: Hunger and thirst Fornicating: Sexual behaviour, endocrine system Other: Body temperature, sleep-wake cycles, memory formation
78
Epithalamus
Located at the roof of the third ventricle Contains small nuclei, including the pineal gland - Secretes melatonin, regulated by the hypothalamus Role in controlling circadian rhythms
79
Cerebrum
83% of the Brain's Mass Fissures: Deep grooves Longitudinal Fissure: Divides hemispheres Transverse Fissure: Separates cerebrum and cerebellum
80
Features of the Cerebral Cortex
Cortex: Outermost layer of the cerebrum, gray matter Sulci: Grooved indentations Gyri: Raised ridges Increase surface area of the cerebral cortex Form brain divisions
81
Deep Sulci
Divide cerebrum into lobes - Lobes named after overlying skull bones Central Sulcus separates the frontal and parietal lobes - Bordered by 2 gyri (Precentral and Postcentral Gyrus)
82
Central Hemispheres - Key Features
Parieto-occipital Sulcus: Separates occipital and parietal lobes Lateral Sulcus (Sylvian Fissure): Separates temporal from parietal and frontal lobes Insula: Deep within the lateral sulcus
83
Lobes of the Cerebral Cortex
1. Frontal Lobe 2. Parietal Lobe 3. Occipital Lobe 4. Temporal Lobe 5. Insular Lobe
84
Frontal Lobe
Rostral Brain Involved in motor control, planning, reasoning, and decision-making
85
Parietal Lobe
Caudal to the frontal lobe Involved in sensory processing, spatial awareness, and perception
86
Occipital Lobe
Caudal Brain Responsible for visual processing
87
Temporal Lobe
Inferior to frontal and parietal lobes Involved in auditory processing, memory, and language comprehension
88
Insular Lobe
Deep within the lateral sulcus Plays a role in emotion, self-awareness, and taste
89
Cerebral Cortex
Gray Matter - Neuronal cell bodies, dendrites, and short axons Folds increase surface area 40% of brain mass Brodmann Areas: 47 distinct regions
90
Cerebral Cortex Functions
Home of consciousness - Awareness of self and sensations - Control of voluntary movements Communication, memory, and understanding

HS 2300B Final (7 decks)

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