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Body Systems > Week 5 - Haemotology > Flashcards

Week 5 - Haemotology Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 4 components of ‘blood’ in general

A
  • red blood cells
  • white blood cells
  • plasma
  • platelets
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2
Q

What is the function of blood?

A
  • transport - inorganic / organic molecules, gases, nutrients, excretory products
  • temperature regulation
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3
Q

What is erythropoiesis?

A

Formation of red blood cells

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4
Q

What are the requirements for erythropoiesis to occur?

A
  • erythropoietin (EPO)
  • iron
  • vitamins B12 + folic acid
  • amino acids
  • intrinsic factor
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5
Q

Where does erythropoiesis occur ?

A

Foetus
- early foetus - yolk sac, spleen, liver
- late foetus - bone marrow

Infant - all bone marrow

Adult - only red bone marrow - ribs, vertebrae, skull, upper ends of long bones

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6
Q

Where is erythropoietin produced?

A

Kidneys

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7
Q

What is the function of haemoglobin?

A
  • transport O2 from lungs to tissues
  • transport CO2 from tissues to lungs
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8
Q

Describe the structure of haemoglobin

A
  • 4 subunits - 2 alpha + 2 beta
  • surround a central haem group (Fe2+ ion) - can bind reversibly w/ oxygen molecule
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9
Q

What is anaemia?

A

When haemoglobin conc. in whole blood is below the accepted range
( less than 13.5 g/dl for men)
( less than 12 g/dl for women)

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10
Q

What are some causes of hypoxia? (Low O2 levels)

A
  • increase in exercise
  • high altitude
  • smoking
  • bleeding
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11
Q

What are some features of iron deficiency anaemia? (5)

A
  • most common form of anaemia
  • hypochromic
  • microcytic RBC’s
  • decreased mean cell volume (MCV)
  • causes - pregnancy, malnutrition, menorrhagia
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12
Q

What are some features of megaloblastic anaemia? (5)

A
  • vitamin B12 / folate deficiency
  • abnormal RBC’s
  • reduced Hb concentration
  • macrocytic
  • increase mean cell volume (MCV)
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13
Q

What are some features of sickle cell anaemia?

A
  • hereditary
  • abnormal Hb structure
  • sickle shape cell - RBC’s get stuck in blood vessels
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14
Q

What are the first 3 things to occur when a vessel injury occurs?

A
  • platelet adhesion (due to collagen exposure)
  • vasoconstriction
  • blood coagulation cascade
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15
Q

What is the purpose of the coagulation phase?

A

To convert soluble plasma proteins to insoluble rigid polymer fibrin

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16
Q

Outline the extrinsic pathway of the coagulation phase

A
  • tissue damage occurs
  • Tissue factor III binds Ca2+ and clotting factor VII
  • forms factor VII-tissue factor complex
  • binds to factor X to form FXa
17
Q

Outline the intrinsic pathway in the coagulation phase

A

Factor XIII binds with PF-3, Ca2+, co-factor VIII, and factor IX
- forms factor X activator complex
- activates factor X to become FXa

18
Q

Outline the common pathway in the coagulation phase

A
  • starts with prothrombinase (consists of FXa and FVa as a cofactor)
  • prothrombinase activates prothrombin to form thrombin
  • thrombin converts fibrinogen to fibrin
19
Q

What is the importance of calcium and vitamin K to the clotting process?

A
  • affect almost every aspect of clotting process
  • any disorder that decreases Ca2+ conc. will impair blood clotting
  • vitamin K necessary from production of clotting factors in liver e.g. prothrombin
20
Q

Outline the clotting process

A
  • injury occurs
  • activates tissue factors, platelet adhesion, and vasoconstriction
  • as a result of the tissue factors, the coagulation phase occurs, resulting in fibrin production
  • as a result of platelet adhesion and vasoconstriction, platelet aggregation can occur, leading to the formation of a primary haemostatic plug
  • when primary haemostatic plug is combined with fibrin, it forms stable haemostatic plug (i.e. a clot)
21
Q

How is clotting controlled?

A
  • Antithrombin - inhibits thrombin + other factors
  • heparin - co-factor that accelerates actions of antithrombin

Antithrombin is main bully and heparin is a goon

22
Q

What is fibrinolysis?

A
  • fibrin clot being broken down
  • occurs via plasmin - enzyme that produces fibrin degradation products
23
Q

Which of A, B, or O genes are recessive or dominant?

A
  • A + B genes are dominant (and if inherited together express codominance)
  • O gene is recessive
24
Q

How is the Rhesus blood group dictated as a positive or negative?

A
  • ## presence or absence of D antigen
25
Q

What are white blood cells?

A
  • leukocytes
  • nucleated
  • defence vs pathogens
  • toxin + waste removal
  • remove damaged cells
  • acts mainly outside in tissues
26
Q

What are some characteristics of white blood cells?

A
  • all are capable of amoeboid movement
  • all can migrate outside the bloodstream via extravasation (diapedesis)
  • all are attracted to specific chemical stimuli
27
Q

What are the 3 types of granulocyte?

A
  • neutrophils
  • eosinophils
  • basophils
28
Q

What are some features of Neutrophils?

A
  • most common WBC - make up 50-70% of total WBC population
  • first line of defence against bacterial infection
  • phagocytic
  • mobile
  • circulate in blood for approx 10 hours
29
Q

What are some features of Eosinophils?

A
  • make up 2-4% of total WBC’s
  • bilobular nucleus
  • combat parasitic infections
  • release toxic compounds e.g. NO & cytotoxic enzymes
  • allergies, asthma
30
Q

What are some features of Basophils?

A
  • > 1% of WBC population, least common
  • bilobular S shaped nucleus, large cytoplasmic granules
  • granules - histamine, heparin
  • inflammatory response
31
Q

What are the 2 agranulocytes?

A
  • Monocytes
  • lymphocytes
32
Q

What are some features of monocytes?

A
  • 2-10% of WBC population
  • large horseshoe shaped nucleus
  • extensive cytoplasm
  • phagocytic
33
Q

What are some features of lymphocytes?

A
  • 20-30% of WBC population
  • central role in all immunological defence mechanisms
  • circulate between various lymphoid tissues + all other tissues of body via blood + lymphatic vessels
34
Q

What are some types of lymphocyte?

A
  • T cells - cell-mediated immunity (e.g. transplant rejcection)
  • B cells - humoral immunity - differentiate into plasma cells, secrete antibodies
  • NK cells (natural killer) - immune surveillance - important for cancer prevention
35
Q

Never Let Monkeys Eat Bananas

A
  • neutrophils
  • lymphocytes
  • monocytes
  • eosinophils
  • basophils

(Most to least abundant in the bloodstream)

Body Systems (11 decks)

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