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Tissue biology > Week 5: Liver, pancreas and endocrine system > Flashcards

Week 5: Liver, pancreas and endocrine system Flashcards

(59 cards)

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1
Q

Describe the circulation in the liver

A

Portal vein (from the GI tract)
Hepatic artery (from the heart)
Hepatic portal vein (into the heart via the vena cava)

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2
Q

Name the functions of the liver

A
  1. Fat metabolism
  2. Carbohydrate metabolism
  3. Protein metabolism
  4. Detoxification
  5. Storage of glycogen
  6. Secretion of glycogen
  7. Removal of old RBC
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3
Q

Which zone receives the most oxygenated blood?

A

Zone 1

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4
Q

What is the function of the space of DisSe

A

It bathes the hepatocytes in plasma

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5
Q

Where are Kupffer cells located?

A

In the sinusoids

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6
Q

Where are hepatic stellate cells located and what are their functions?

A

Found in the space of Disse
Fat storage (vitamin A)

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7
Q

With what do the bile canaliculi fuse with?

A

Canals of Hering

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8
Q

What does bile contain?

A

Water, bile salts, cholesterol, bilirubin, alkaline phosphatases

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9
Q

Draw the biliary tree

A

Bile canaliculi -> canals of Hering -> bile ductules -> bile ducts -> common hepatic duct -> common bile duct -> ampulla of Vater -> duodenum

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10
Q

Where does the gall bladder join the biliary tree?

A

The common bile duct

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11
Q

Where does the pancreatic duct join to

A

The ampulla of vater

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12
Q

What promotes the secretion of CCK

A

The presence of lipids in the duodenum

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13
Q

What type of cell is the muscular sac of the gall bladder made of?

A

Simple columnar epithelium

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14
Q

What is the function of the muscular bile sac?

A

To concentrate bile and store bile

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15
Q

What is the embryological development origin of the pancreas?

A

The primitive foregut

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16
Q

What is the role of secretin and which cells secrete it?

A

It is secreted by neuroendocrine cells of the duodenum and it promotes secretion of watery fluid rich in bicarbonate

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17
Q

What is CCK stimulated by and what is its function

A

Stimulated by fat in the duodenum, it stimulated enzyme rich pancreatic fluid

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18
Q

What does Gastrin do?

A

Similar effects to CCK, secretion of pancreatic fluid

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19
Q

What is the pancreatic juice composed of?

A

Contains sodium bicarbonate which neutralized the acidic stomach. It contains:
Amylase
Trypsin, chymotrypsin
Pancreatic lipase
Ribonucleases and deoxyribonuclease

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20
Q

Describe the pathway that the digestive enzymes take from the lumen of the acini

A

To the intercalated ducts -> interlobular duct ->

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21
Q

What do delta cells secrete?

A

Somatostatin

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22
Q

What is the Pars intermedia?

A

part of the anterior lobe and forms the boundary between the posterior and anterior lobes

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23
Q

Why does the posterior stain much lighter?

A

Because it is made up of unmyelinated neuronal tissue

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24
Q

What is the pituitary stalk?

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A

The communication between the pituitary gland and the hypothalamus

25
From which tissue is the posterior pituitary gland from?
Neuroectoderm
26
From which tissue is the anterior pituitary gland from?
The oral ectoderm, upgrowth from Rathke's pouch
27
What is the pars Tuberalis?
A part of the anterior pituitary and forms a thin sheet connecting the anterior p to the infundibular stalk
28
What are the 2 functional groups that the pituitary hormones fall under?
Those acting on non-endocrine tissue Those modifying secretory activity of other endocrine tissues
29
Which hormones are secreted by the anterior pituitary gland and act on non-endocrine tissues?
GH, ADH (vasopressin), prolactin, oxytocin, MSH
30
Which hormones are secreted by the anterior pituitary gland and act on the activity of other endocrine tissues?
TSH (thyroid stimulating hormone) ACTH, FSH, LH
31
What is the function of the posterior pituitary gland?
Site of storage and release of ADH and oxytocin
32
Where do ADH and oxytocin go down after they have been released?
Pass down the axons of the hypothalamo-hypophyseal tract within the pituitary stalk
33
What is the function of Herring bodies?
They contain clusters of neurosecretory granules containing oxytocin or ADH that have passed down from the hypothalamus
34
Where are herring bodies located?
In the terminal portion of axons of the posterior pituitary
35
What are the 3 divisions of the anterior pituitary gland?
Pars distalis Pars intermedia Pars tubularis
36
What is the pars intermedia composed of?
Basophilic cells and colloid containing follicles (lined by cuboidal cells)
37
What does the pars intermedia produce in foetal life?
MSH and opiomelanocortin
38
What controls the thyroid gland
The hypothalamus
39
What is TRH
Thyrotropin releasing hormone
40
What do thyroid follicular cells produce?
Thyroglobulin - iodine rich inactive form of thyroid hormones which is stored as colloid in the lumen
41
What are the 2 major hormones produced by the thyroid?
T3 and T4`
42
What is the function of calcitonin?
To regulate calcium levels
43
What is the function of calcitonin?
To regulate calcium levels
44
How does the shape of the colloid change when the thyroid gland becomes active?
It becomes paler and develops scalloped edges
45
What produces calcitonin>
Thyroid parafollicular cells in response to high levels of serum calcium
46
Where is the parathyroid located
The 4 dots on the back of the thyroid gland
47
What are the 2 types of cells in the parathyroid gland?
Chief cells (principal cells) and oxyphil cells
48
What do chief cells secrete?
PTH
49
What type of hormones does the adrenal cortex secrete?
Steroid hormones Mineral corticoids Glucocorticoids Sex hormones
50
What is the effect of mineralocorticoids?
Maintain the fluid and electrolyte balance
51
What is the effect of glucocorticoids
Carbohydrate and lipid balance
52
What are the 3 regions of the cortex
Zona glomerulosa Zona fasiculata Zona reticularis
53
What does the Zona glomerulosa secrete?
Mineralocorticoids - mainly aldosterone (acts on renal tubules to increase sodium and water retention)
54
What does the Zona fasciculata secrete?
Glucocorticoids (mainly cortisol)
55
What is stored within the Zona reticularis?
DHEA, DHEA sulphate and glucocorticoids
56
What cells is the medulla mainly made up of?
Chromaffin cells
57
What shape are chromaffin cells?
Columnar, basophilic
58
What is the function of Chromaffin cells?
Actively secrete noradrenaline and adrenaline
59
What is the function of the pineal glands?
Synthesises melatonin which induces rhythmical changes in endocrine activity

Tissue biology (4 decks)

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