Week 5: Metabolism

Question 1

What 4 things do the endocrine system play a role in?

Answer 1

growth, sex differentiation, metabolism, and adaptation

Question 2

What are hormones?

Answer 2

Chemical messengers used to control the flow of information between the tissues and organs.

Question 3

What are free hormones?

Answer 3

Hormones that are released from the blood stream and not attached to a carrier. They’re able to exert their functions.

The single friend who can do whatever they want.

Question 4

What are bound hormones?

Answer 4

They’re attached to a transport carrier. They can’t exert their functions until unbound.

They’re the person in a toxic relationship who can’t do anything until they drop their toxic partner.

Question 5

What are the functions of the hypothalamus?

Answer 5

Produces hormones that act on the anterior pituitary.

Question 6

The hypothalamus releases hormones that enter _______.

Answer 6

portal circulation

Question 7

The anterior pituitary releases hormones that enter ________.

Answer 7

systemic circulation

Question 8

What is another name for the pituitary gland?

Answer 8

Master gland

Question 9

Primary hormone disorders originate in ?

Answer 9

The target gland responsible for producing the hormone.

Question 10

A secondary hormone disorder is dysfunctional because of _______.

Answer 10

Stimulating hormones or releasing hormones from the pituitary. The target gland is normal.

Question 11

A tertiary hormone disorder involves?

Answer 11

Abnormality in the hypothalamus. Both the target gland the pituitary gland are under stimulated.

Question 12

Thyroid Gland

What are follicles?

Answer 12

They’re functional units of the thyroid filled with thyroglobulin which contains tyrosine amino acids.

Question 13

What type of molecules do Iodide attach to?

Answer 13

Tyrosine molecules

Question 14

Thyroid peroxidase known as TPO is an enzyme that oxidizes the iodide. This reaction helps create _____.

Answer 14

combines iodide and tyrosine to form monoiodotyrosine (MIT)

Question 15

When a second iodide is attached to the MIT it becomes _____.

Answer 15

diiodotyrosine (DIT)

Question 16

What is T4 made up of?

Answer 16

2 DIT’s coupled together

Question 17

What is T3 made up of?

Answer 17

A DIT and a MIT coupled together

Question 18

What are 3 important thyroid hormones?

Answer 18

t4, t3, and calcitonin

Question 19

TSH (Thyroid-stimulating hormone) from the pituitary gland is what stimulates the thyroid to secrete ______.

Answer 19

t3 and t4 into the blood.

Question 20

What are some tests to measure thyroid function?

Answer 20

• Serum t3, t4, and TSH levels
• Thyroid autoantibodies
• Radioiodine uptake test
• Ultrasound, CT, MRI
• Fine-needle aspiration biopsy

Question 21

Anti-TPO antibodies are seen in _______________.

Answer 21

Hashimoto thyroiditis

Question 22

A radioiodine uptake test aka thyroid scan measures _________.

Answer 22

the ability of the thyroid gland to remove and concentrate iodine from the blood.

Question 23

Goiters are related to _______ TSH and may be present with hypothyroidism, hyperthyroidism, or euthyroid.

Answer 23

Related to excess TSH

Question 24

What is the most common cause of goiters worldwide?

Answer 24

Iodine deficiency

Question 25

What is the difference between thyroid nodules and goiters? Why would nurses be concerned about these?

Answer 25

Thyroid nodules are localized enlargement of the thyroid gland that can be benign or malignant. Concerns because these can compress the trachea.

Question 26

Severe under-secretion of the hormone results in the following disorder.

Answer 26

Myxedema Coma

Question 27

Under-secretion of the thyroid hormone results in the following disorder.

Answer 27

Hypothyroidism

Question 28

Homeostasis of the thyroid hormone results in

Answer 28

Euthyroid state

Question 29

Over-secretion of the thyroid hormone results in the following disorder.

Answer 29

Hyperthyroidism

Question 30

Severe over-secretion of the thyroid hormone results in the following disorder.

Answer 30

Thyroid Storm

Question 31

What is congenital hypothyroidism?

Answer 31

Hypothyroidism that develops prenatally and may result from a lack of a thyroid, abnormal biosynthesis of thyroid hormone, or deficient TSH secretion.

Question 32

What are signs and symptoms of congenital hypothyroidism?

Answer 32

- prolonged jaundice (1st sign) - respiratory difficulties - hoarse cry - enlarged tongue - feeding difficulties - sluggish - enlarged abdomen - umbilical hernia

Question 33

What is Cretinism?

Answer 33

the term for untreated congenital hypothyroidism

Question 34

T4 supplementation should begin in the first 6 weeks of life to result in _____.

Answer 34

normal intelligence

Question 35

What is Hashimoto Thyroiditis?

Answer 35

An autoimmune disorder where the thyroid gland may be totally destroyed by an immune process.

Question 36

What is the major cause of goiters and hypothyroidism in adults and children?

Answer 36

Hashimoto Thyroiditis

Question 37

Hashimoto Thyroiditis is predominately seen in people assigned ______ at birth.

Answer 37

Female