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Pathophysiology > Week 5: Metabolism > Flashcards

Week 5: Metabolism Flashcards

1
Q

What 4 things do the endocrine system play a role in?

A

growth, sex differentiation, metabolism, and adaptation

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2
Q

What are hormones?

A

Chemical messengers used to control the flow of information between the tissues and organs.

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3
Q

What are free hormones?

A

Hormones that are released from the blood stream and not attached to a carrier. They’re able to exert their functions.

The single friend who can do whatever they want.

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4
Q

What are bound hormones?

A

They’re attached to a transport carrier. They can’t exert their functions until unbound.

They’re the person in a toxic relationship who can’t do anything until they drop their toxic partner.

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5
Q

What are the functions of the hypothalamus?

A

Produces hormones that act on the anterior pituitary.

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6
Q

The hypothalamus releases hormones that enter _______.

A

portal circulation

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7
Q

The anterior pituitary releases hormones that enter ________.

A

systemic circulation

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8
Q

What is another name for the pituitary gland?

A

Master gland

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9
Q

Primary hormone disorders originate in ?

A

The target gland responsible for producing the hormone.

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10
Q

A secondary hormone disorder is dysfunctional because of _______.

A

Stimulating hormones or releasing hormones from the pituitary. The target gland is normal.

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11
Q

A tertiary hormone disorder involves?

A

Abnormality in the hypothalamus. Both the target gland the pituitary gland are under stimulated.

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12
Q

Thyroid Gland

What are follicles?

A

They’re functional units of the thyroid filled with thyroglobulin which contains tyrosine amino acids.

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13
Q

What type of molecules do Iodide attach to?

A

Tyrosine molecules

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14
Q

Thyroid peroxidase known as TPO is an enzyme that oxidizes the iodide. This reaction helps create _____.

A

combines iodide and tyrosine to form monoiodotyrosine (MIT)

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15
Q

When a second iodide is attached to the MIT it becomes _____.

A

diiodotyrosine (DIT)

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16
Q

What is T4 made up of?

A

2 DIT’s coupled together

17
Q

What is T3 made up of?

A

A DIT and a MIT coupled together

18
Q

What are 3 important thyroid hormones?

A

t4, t3, and calcitonin

19
Q

TSH (Thyroid-stimulating hormone) from the pituitary gland is what stimulates the thyroid to secrete ______.

A

t3 and t4 into the blood.

20
Q

What are some tests to measure thyroid function?

A
  • Serum t3, t4, and TSH levels
  • Thyroid autoantibodies
  • Radioiodine uptake test
  • Ultrasound, CT, MRI
  • Fine-needle aspiration biopsy
21
Q

Anti-TPO antibodies are seen in _______________.

A

Hashimoto thyroiditis

22
Q

A radioiodine uptake test aka thyroid scan measures _________.

A

the ability of the thyroid gland to remove and concentrate iodine from the blood.

23
Q

Goiters are related to _______ TSH and may be present with hypothyroidism, hyperthyroidism, or euthyroid.

A

Related to excess TSH

24
Q

What is the most common cause of goiters worldwide?

A

Iodine deficiency

25
Q

What is the difference between thyroid nodules and goiters? Why would nurses be concerned about these?

A

Thyroid nodules are localized enlargement of the thyroid gland that can be benign or malignant.

Concerns because these can compress the trachea.

26
Q

Severe under-secretion of the hormone results in the following disorder.

A

Myxedema Coma

27
Q

Under-secretion of the thyroid hormone results in the following disorder.

A

Hypothyroidism

28
Q

Homeostasis of the thyroid hormone results in

A

Euthyroid state

29
Q

Over-secretion of the thyroid hormone results in the following disorder.

A

Hyperthyroidism

30
Q

Severe over-secretion of the thyroid hormone results in the following disorder.

A

Thyroid Storm

31
Q

What is congenital hypothyroidism?

A

Hypothyroidism that develops prenatally and may result from a lack of a thyroid, abnormal biosynthesis of thyroid hormone, or deficient TSH secretion.

32
Q

What are signs and symptoms of congenital hypothyroidism?

A
  • prolonged jaundice (1st sign)
  • respiratory difficulties
  • hoarse cry
  • enlarged tongue
  • feeding difficulties
  • sluggish
  • enlarged abdomen
  • umbilical hernia
33
Q

What is Cretinism?

A

the term for untreated congenital hypothyroidism

34
Q

T4 supplementation should begin in the first 6 weeks of life to result in _____.

A

normal intelligence

35
Q

What is Hashimoto Thyroiditis?

A

An autoimmune disorder where the thyroid gland may be totally destroyed by an immune process.

36
Q

What is the major cause of goiters and hypothyroidism in adults and children?

A

Hashimoto Thyroiditis

37
Q

Hashimoto Thyroiditis is predominately seen in people assigned ______ at birth.

A

Female

38
Q
A

Pathophysiology (16 decks)

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