Week 5: Perceptual and Motor Development Flashcards
(32 cards)
What are the three methods of sensing the environment?
1) Preferential Looking Paradigm
2) Habituation / Dishabituation
3) High Amplitude sucking
What is the preferential looking paradigm?
involves two or more stimuli including patterns or faces ; if a child spends more time looking at one stimuli than the other, it is assumed that they prefer that pattern or face
What is habituation/dishabituation?
The human brain is set up to respond more strongly to novelty (something new added to the environment) which ensures that the infant will constantly be adding to their knowledge base.
New Stimulus = increased heart rate, increased respiratory rate and head & eye movement = dishabituation
Habituation = when infant gets bored of the stimuli
What is high amplitude sucking?
Method of measuring habituation and dishabituation
When the infant sucks faster it stiggers a stimulus and if the infant finds it interesting they make it last by sucking rapidly
Is a newborn’s hearing fully developed at birth?
No - young infants struggle to pinpoint the specific location of sound in their environment - this improves greatly over the first 6 months
What type of speech do infants prefer? “motherese” “fatherese”
Slow, clear, high pitched with a rising tone at the end of the phrases - eases perceptual learning
What type of sounds do infants prefer?
Consonant sounds over dissonance sounds
What is the state of a newborn’s vision at birth?
Near sighted and poor visual acuity
What type of visual stimuli to infants prefer?
Patterned over plain
How do newborns perceive colours?
Poorly:
- at 1 month they can differentiate blue from gray and red from green
- at 3-4 months infants can perceive colours similarly to adults
At what month can infants take in all facial features?
3 months
What is perceptual narrowing?
When infants can discriminate amongst the kinds of faces they are exposed to in their environment. - driven by environment not genotype
What types of visual problems can people with ASD have?
tend to look away from faces which can impede their ability to read emotions.
What is the auditory threshold?
The quietest sound a person can hear
What is the leading cause of hearing impairment?
1) Heredity
2) Meningitis
What is visual acuity?
The smallest pattern that can be distinguished dependably
What are cones?
Specialized neurons used to detect colour
How do children infer depth? X4
1) Kinetic Cues: motion used to estimate depth
2) Visual expansion: as object moves, it fills a greater proportion of the retina
3) Motion Parallax: nearby moving objects appear to move faster than objects further away
4) Retinal disparity: image that the right and left eye perceive differs
What are picorial cuse / monocular cues?
cues about distance that can be perceived by one eye alone such as:
- relative size: closer objects seem larger
- texture gradient: greater detail looks closer
- Relative height: taller looks further away
- Inerposition: if an object block the other then that object appears closer
What is the takeaway from visual cliff studies?
Kids as young as 6 weeks react with interest to different depths
What is size constancy?
The idea that the size of the object remains the same despite changes in retinal image
TRUE or FALSE: by 4 months, the visual cortex is able to compute the degree of disparity and create the perception of depth
TRUE
What types of scents and tastes do children prefer?
Infants prefer sweet smells and flavours to bitter, sour flavours
What is intermodal perception?
The ability to perceive an object or event by more than one sensory system simultaneously
