Week 5 quiz

Question 1

What structure is used to represent sphingolipids?

Answer 1

Inverted L

Question 2

How long is the carbon chain for sphingolipids?

Answer 2

18 Carbons

Question 3

What are the two main components of sphingolipids?

Answer 3

Fatty acid + sphingosine

Question 4

What kind of bond forms between sphingosine and fatty acids?

Answer 4

Amide linkages

Question 5

What kind of molecule is formed through the linkage of sphingosine to fatty acids?

Answer 5

Ceramide

Question 6

What groups interact between sphingosine and fatty acids?

Answer 6

Carboxyl and amino groups

Question 7

Which group on a ceramide reacts with other polar groups?

Answer 7

Hydroxyl on first carbon (from bottom)

Question 8

What two kids of polar groups can interact with ceramides?

Answer 8

Phosphate and carbohydrate groups

Question 9

If a phosphate group bonds with a ceramide, you get a _

Answer 9

Phosphosphingolipid

Question 10

If a carbohydrate group bonds with a ceramide, you get a

Answer 10

Glycosphingolipid

Question 11

If a single sugar bonds with a ceramide you get _

Answer 11

Cerebroside, like glucocerbroside

Question 12

If two or more sugar groups bond with a ceramide you get

Answer 12

A globoside

Question 13

If an N-acetyl neuraminic acid (NANA) bonds with a ceramide, you get _

Answer 13

A ganglioside

Question 14

Give an example of a phosphosphingolipid

Answer 14

Sphingomyelin

Question 15

Which kind of transporter only transports one solute molecule?

Answer 15

Uniport transporter

Question 16

Which kind of transporter transports two molecules in the same direction?

Answer 16

Symport transporter

Question 17

Which kind of transporter transports two solute molecules in opposite directions?

Answer 17

Antiport transporter

Question 18

Give a main function of glucose transporters in the body

Answer 18

Shuttling glucose between the liver and the bloodstream

Question 19

Glucose transporters are _

Answer 19

Uniports

Question 20

Is glucose transport active or passive?

Answer 20

Passive, molecules go down the conentration gradient

Question 21

Name a symport confomrational transporter found in renal eputhelial cells in the kidney

Answer 21

Na+/glucose transporter

Question 22

What type of transporter is Na+/K+ ATPase?

Answer 22

Antiport

Question 23

How do ions flow against conentration gradient (active transport) in Na/K ATPase?

Answer 23

Using the energy coming from the hydrolysis of ATP

Question 24

What are normal blood glucose levels in humans?

Answer 24

60-150mg/dL

Question 25

How long does it take for glycogen stores to be depleted?

Answer 25

Around 10-18 hours

Question 26

How is glucose made available to cells during a fasted state with depleted glycogen stores?

Answer 26

Through the process of gluconeogenesis?

Question 27

Compare gluconeogenesis to glycolysis

Answer 27

Gluconeogenesis is like the reverse process. 3 steps in glycolysis are irreversible so alternative pathways replace them in gluconeogenesis

Question 28

Opening a channel and allowing molecules to flow down conentration gradient is called _

Answer 28

Facilitated diffusion

Question 29

Why do fatty acids not form linear structures?

Answer 29

Because of the tetrahedral shape of carbon

Question 30

Why do saturated fats have higher melting/boiling points?

Answer 30

Chains can be densely packed/folded, interactions require more energy to overcome

Question 31

At room temperature, oils are in a _ state, they are composed mainly of _

Answer 31

Liquid, unsaturated fats

Question 32

At room temperature, fats are in a _ state, they are composed mainly of _

Answer 32

Solid, saturated

Question 33

2 main differences between omega and delta naming system for fatty acids:

Answer 33

Delta counts carbons starting at carbonyl group Omega starts furthest away from carbonyl Delta names all double bonds Omega only notates first double bond

Question 34

Molecules which are amphiphiles are _

Answer 34

Hydrophobic and hydrophilic (at different sites)

Question 35

What is a triglyceride molecule?

Answer 35

A glycerol bonded to three fatty acid chains

Question 36

Which kind of reaction bonds fatty acids at hydroxyl groups of glycerol?

Answer 36

Dehydration

Question 37

Hydrolysis of triglycerides produces _

Answer 37

Fatty acids and glycerol

Question 38

Which atoms are found in phospholipids?

Answer 38

P, O, C, H, N

Question 39

What are the main components of phospholipids?

Answer 39

Phosphate group (N in R group), glycerol and two fatty acid chains

Question 40

Give 4 examples of steroid hormones:

Answer 40

Testosterone, estradiol(estrogen), cholesterol and cortisol

Question 41

Steroid rings have a _ structure

Answer 41

Fused 4 ring

Question 42

Waxes are long _ chains with many different _

Answer 42

alkyl, functional groups

Question 43

The basic unit of terpenes is

Answer 43

Isoprene

Question 44

Isoprene is a _ carbon molecule

Answer 44

5

Question 45

Number of isoprene uits in a terpene =

Answer 45

number of carbons in chain / 5

Question 46

Eicosanoid lipids function as

Answer 46

signalling molecules

Question 47

What are nucleosomes?

Answer 47

Groups of 8 histone proteins with DNA wrapped around twice

Question 48

What is the function of H1 histones

Answer 48

Links and stabilises nucleosomes, wraps them in to a spiral called a solenoid

Question 49

What is heterochromatin?

Answer 49

Chromatin that is transcriptionally inactive

Question 50

What is euchromatin?

Answer 50

Chromatin that is transcriptionally active

Question 51

Singer and Nicholson developed the _ model of membranes

Answer 51

Fluid mosaic