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Infection and Immunity > Week 5 - Travel related infections > Flashcards

Week 5 - Travel related infections Flashcards

(53 cards)

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1
Q

What would an FBC of malaria show?

A
  • Decreased Hb
  • Decreased WBC
  • Decreased platelet count
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2
Q

Why does malaria affect the liver?

A
  • Increased breakdown of RBCs

- Liver cannot cope with increased demand and jaundice ensues followed by liver damage

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3
Q

What is the infectious cause of malaria?

A 
-Plasmodium of which there are 4 species:
P.falciparum
P.Vivax
P.Ovale
P.malariae
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4
Q

What is the vector for malaria?

A

-Female anopheles mosquito

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5
Q

Does malaria require isolation?

A

-No, there is no case-case spread

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6
Q

Where is malaria common?

A
  • Africa (bar the south)
  • India
  • S.America
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7
Q

How long is the incubation period of malaria?

A

-1-3 weeks

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8
Q

Which plasmodium species is most severe?

A

-P.falciparum

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9
Q

What are the complications of p.falciparum malaria?

A
  • CVS complications -> tachy, hypotension, arrhythmias
  • Resp -> ARDS
  • GIT -> jaundice and diarrhoea
  • Renal -> AKI
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10
Q

Describe the pathogenesis of malaria

A
  • Plasmodium in mosquito matures into sporozoite and takes a blood meal injecting parasite
  • Parasite infects liver cells and forms a schizont which rupures and enters bloodstream
  • Infects RBC and matures resulting in lysis of RBC and infects another
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11
Q

What are the investigations of malaria is suspected?

A
  • Contact infectious disease physician
  • Blood smear x 3
  • FBCs, U+Es, LFTs, glucose
  • Head CT if CNS problems
  • CXR
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12
Q

What are the treatments of malaria?

A
  • Treatment is species specific
  • P,falciparum -> quinine
  • P.vivax, ovale or malariae -> primaquine and chloroquine
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13
Q

How is malaria prevented?

A
  • Knowledge of at risk areas via CDC
  • Bite prevention -> covered clothes etc
  • Chemoprophylaxis
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14
Q

Why is history so important in infectious disease?

A
  • Recognise imported diseases
  • Infection prevetion
  • Different strains of pathogen have different virulence/resistance
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15
Q

What is enteric fever?

A

-Typhoid or paratyphoid

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16
Q

How does enteric fever present?

A

-Constipation, severe cramps, vomiting, bacteraemia, abdomen tenderness, splenomegaly, temp, low BP

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17
Q

What are the features of FBC in enteric fever?

A
  • Decreased WBC

- Decreased Hb

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18
Q

What are the features of LFTs in enteric fever?

A
  • Increased ALT

- Increased CRP

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19
Q

What is the infectious agent of enteric fever?

A
  • Salmonella Typhi

- Salmonella Paratyphi A, B or C

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20
Q

In what countries in enteric fever common and why?

A

-Africa, Asia and S.america due to poor sanitation

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21
Q

Who does enteric fever mainly affect?

A

-Children

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22
Q

What is the mechanism of infection of enteric fever?

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A

-Faecal-oral from contaminated food/water

23
Q

What is the gram status of salmonella?

Study These Flashcards
A

-Gram negative bacilli

24
Q

What gives salmonella typhi its virulence?

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A

-Endotoxin, VI antigen, invasins and fimbrae

25
Where specifically in the GI tract does salmonella typhi invade?
-Payers patches
26
What is the incubation period of salmonella typhi?
-7-14 days
27
What is the firstline treatment for salmonella?
-Ceftriaxone or macrolide
28
How is enteric fever prevented?
- Food and water hygeine - Precautions - Vaccines
29
What are the serotypes of influenzae?
-A, B C
30
How are influenzae viruses spread?
-Cough/sneeze
31
What is the incubation period for influenzae?
-2 days
32
What is the presentation of influenzae?
-Headache, sore throat, fever, muscle ache, cough
33
Does influenzae require treatment?
-No, it is self-limiting
34
What are possible complications of influenzae?
- Pneumonia | - Sinusitis
35
How can you prevent influenzae?
- Frequent hand washing | - Vaccinations of elderly and at risk
36
Why do you have to vaccinate from influenzae yearly?
-Rapidly evolving virus so new strain year on year
37
What to viral peptides are responsible for influenzae virulence?
-Haemogluttin and Neurominadase
38
What is antigenic drift?
-Small mutations which occur continually over time from person-person
39
What is antigenic shift?
-Complete change in viral protein composition
40
Describe the presentation of legionnaires disease
-Fever, SoB, Productive cough, decreased O2 satsm Increased RR, increased HR (SIRS)
41
What investigations would you do for legionella?
-CXR, sputum sample, blood culture, FBC, U+E,
42
Describe the gram status of legionella pneumophilia
-Gram negative bacilli (flagellated)
43
How is legionella transmitted?
- Airborne | - Contaminated water droplets
44
What type of cells does legionella infect?
-Type 2 pneumocytes
45
What is the first line treatment for legionella?
-Erythromycin
46
Name some causes of travellers diarrhoea
- Norovirus - E.coli - Campylobactor - Salmonella - Shigella - rotavirus - Vibrocholera
47
What is icterus?
-Yellow sclera
48
Name the travel-related infection associated with a confluent macular rash
-Dengue fever
49
How would you diagnose dengue fever?
-PCR and serology
50
Name a travel related infections associated with lava
-Myiasis (bot fly)
51
What is dysentry?
-Blood and mucus in stool
52
What are some important questions you would ask a patient to elicit travel history?
- Where have you been and for how long? - When did you return? - When did your symptoms start in relation to your return? - Is your travel companion ill? - Did you do any recreational activities? - Did you take any precautions before going away? (vaccinations)
53
Describe the common presentation of malaria
- Fever and chills - Muscle weakness,myalgia and fatigue - Shaking - Headache and syncope - Decreased BP, increased HR, Decreased Sats

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