Week 5A- Cell Biology

Question 1

What is biology?

Answer 1

A science that explores living things and life processes

Question 2

What are 3 features of cells?

Answer 2

• Basic unit of all living matter
• Essential for life
• Fundamental components of structure, development, growth and life processes in the human body

Question 3

How does cells exist?

Answer 3

In a multitude of forms that perform diverse functions of the body

Question 4

What are different types of moving cells?

Answer 4

Some exist as freely moving, independent units while other are stationary

Question 5

What are qualities of cells that are mature?

Answer 5

They are highly specialized and have predetermined tasks to perform in support of the body

Question 6

What are cell requirements of the body?

Answer 6

• Provide food as a source of raw material for the release of energy
• Supply oxygen to help break down food
• Have enough water to transport inorganic substances in/out of the cell

Question 7

What is the benefit of proper cell function?

Answer 7

Enables the body to maintain homeostasis and equilibrium

Question 8

What are the effects of ionizing radiation damage on cells?

Answer 8

• Cells behave abnormally
• Cells can die

Question 9

What are the 3 chemical compositions of cells?

Answer 9

• Protoplasm
• Organic Compounds
• Inorganic Compounds

Question 10

What are protoplasm?

Answer 10

Chemical building material for all living things

Question 11

What processes do Protoplasm carry on?

Answer 11

Carry on complex processes of metabolism, the reception and processing of food and oxygen and elimination of waste

Question 12

What do protoplasm consist of?

Answer 12

Organic compounds and inorganic material either dissolved or suspended in water

Question 13

What are protoplasm formed from?

Answer 13

Formed from 24 elements, with the 4 primary being Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen and Nitrogen

Question 14

What are the most important inorganic substances?

Answer 14

Water and mineral salts (electrolytes)

Question 15

What are the 4 major classes of organic compounds that compose a cell?

Answer 15

• Proteins
• Carbohydrates
• Lipids
• Nucleic Acids

Question 16

Which element is the basic constituent of all organic matter?

Answer 16

Carbon

Question 17

What becomes possible when combining hydrogen, nitrogen and oxygen?

Answer 17

Life is possible

Question 18

Which organic compound contains the most carbon?

Answer 18

Protein

Question 19

What percent of cell content are proteins?

Answer 19

15%

Question 20

What are the functions of Proteins?

Answer 20

Essential for growth, construction of new body tissue and repair of injured tissues

Question 21

How are proteins formed?

Answer 21

When amino acids combine into long, chain like molecular complexes

Question 22

What do proteins provide to the cell?

Answer 22

Structure and support

Question 23

Which proteins control cell functions?

Answer 23

Enzymes and hormones

Question 24

Out of the 4 organic compounds, in which choice would proteins fall in for fuel?

Answer 24

3rd choice

Question 25

How are proteins organized?

Answer 25

Into 22 different amino acids

Question 26

What does the order of arrangement of these amino acids determine?

Answer 26

The precise function of each protein molecule

Question 27

What does the type of proteins a cell contains determine?

Answer 27

The characteristics of that cell

Question 28

What are enzymatic proteins?

Answer 28

Function as organic catalysts that control the cells various physiological activities

Question 29

What do Enzymatic proteins do?

Answer 29

Cause an increase in cellular activity that causes biochemical reactions to occur more rapidly to meet the needs of the cell

Question 30

What are structural proteins?

Answer 30

Provide the body with its shape and form

Question 31

What do structural proteins provide the body?

Answer 31

A source of heat and energy

Question 32

What are repair enzymes?

Answer 32

Proteins that can mend damaged molecules and are capable of helping the cell recover from small amounts of radiation damage

Question 33

What are repair enzymes vital to?

Answer 33

Vital to the survival of cells

Question 34

What energy ranges are Repair enzymes effective in?

Answer 34

Both diagnostic and therapeutic energy ranges

Question 35

What are antibodies?

Answer 35

Protein molecules produced by specialized cells in the bone marrow called B lymphocytes

Question 36

When are antibodies produced?

Answer 36

Produced when other lymphocytes in the body detect the presence of molecules that do not belong

Question 37

What do antibodies do?

Answer 37

Chemically attack any foreign invaders or antigens

Question 38

What are hormones?

Answer 38

Chemical secretions manufactured by various endocrine glands and carried by the bloodstream to influence activities of other parts of the body

Question 39

What do hormones regulate?

Answer 39

Regulate body functions such as growth and development

Question 40

What percent of cell content do carbohydrates make up?

Answer 40

1%

Question 41

What are included in Carbohydrates?

Answer 41

Starches and various sugars

Question 42

How do carbohydrates range?

Answer 42

From simple to complex

Question 43

What are the 3 types for carbohydrates?

Answer 43

- Monosaccharides - Disaccharides - Polysaccharides

Question 44

What is the function of carbohydrates?

Answer 44

Function as short-term energy warehouses for the body

Question 45

What is the primary purpose of carbohydrates?

Answer 45

To provide fuel for cell metabolism

Question 46

Where are carbohydrates most abundant?

Answer 46

In the liver and muscle tissue

Question 47

What percent of cell content are lipids?

Answer 47

2%

Question 48

What are lipids made up of?

Answer 48

Made up of a molecule of glycerin and three molecules of fatty acid

Question 49

What are the functions lipids perform?

Answer 49

- Act as as a reservoir for long-term energy storage - Insulate and guard the body against the environment - Support and protect organs (eyes/kidneys) - Provide essential substances necessary for growth and development - Lubricate the joints - Assist in the digestive process

Question 50

When are lipids burned as fuel?

Answer 50

Only if there are no carbohydrates available

Question 51

What percent of cell content do Nucleic acids make up?

Answer 51

1%

Question 52

What are Nucleic acids made up of?

Answer 52

Nucleotides

Question 53

What are the two types of Nucleic acids?

Answer 53

DNA and RNA

Question 54

What is DNA composed of?

Answer 54

Two long sugar-phosphate chains that twist around each other in a double-helix configuration and are lined by pairs of nitrogenous bases at the sugar molecule level

Question 55

What attaches the base of DNA to each other?

Answer 55

Hydrogen bonds

Question 56

What does DNA contain?

Answer 56

All the information the cell needs to function

Question 57

What does DNA carry?

Answer 57

All genetic information necessary for cells to replicate

Question 58

What does DNA regulate?

Answer 58

All cellular activity to direct protein synthesis

Question 59

What does DNA determine and how?

Answer 59

A person’s characteristics by regulating the sequence of amino acids in the persons proteins during synthesis

Question 60

What is the importance of nitrogenous base pairs in DNA?

Answer 60

Constitute the genetic code