Week 6 Flashcards
(32 cards)
1
Q
Define Psychodynamic
A
- The mind, emotions and spirit
- The Self is an active experience
- Never static people are always changing
- Psychodynamic therapy explores relationship between different parts of self
- Sometimes different parts are in conflict
2
Q
Object Relations Theory
A
- Melanie Klein
- Before Attachment Theory
- Winnicott & Bowlby followed her teachings
- First to recognise the importance of earliest childhood experiences
- How this informs adult emotions
- Neuroscience now supports the impact of early attachments
3
Q
Secure Attachments
A
- Healthy interpersonal connections help prevent negative effects of stress
- Particularly with mother/child dyad
- But can be within other relationships
4
Q
Secure Attachment and Memory
A
Securely Attached children have detailed memories
Have Balanced perspective with cohesive narrative
5
Q
Avoidant Attachment and Memory
A
- Do not appear upset by separation
- Do not seek close proximity to mother
- Appear dismissive toward early relationships
- Have gaps in information about their childhood
6
Q
Anxious-Ambivalent Attachment and Memory
A
- Do not seek close proximity to mother
- Do not respond well to other attachments when comforted
- Seem preoccupied and pressured
- Have difficulty keeping other peoples perspective
7
Q
Disorganised Attachment
A
- Characterised by chaotic, self injuring behaviours
- Parents report history of trauma and unresolved loss
- Display disoriented and conflictual behaviour
8
Q
Counsellors Role in Attachment
A
- Early attachments affect later attachments
- This can then affect the children of that relationship - Intergenerational Trauma
- Therapist uses clinical skills to intervene in negative patterns
- Try to disrupt the self-defeating attachment patterns
9
Q
Dopamine System
A
Incentive, Motivation and Reward
Motivation plays a key role in attachment processes
Tightly linked to Dopamine Projection and Ventral Tegmental Area (VTA)
Dopaminergice cells in VTS respond rapidly to conditioning
Especially if there is a reward involved
10
Q
Hypothalamus & Social Soothing
A
- One of the key brain regions for regulation and social soothing
- Calms the neural threat response
- Includes interactions with attachment figures
- Maternal Pair-Bonding associated with oxytocin, vasopressin
- Hypothalamus makes these neuropeptides in abundance
11
Q
Prefrontal Cortex & Emotion Regulation
A
- PFC involved in emotion regulation
- Primary job is to appraise emotional content of stimuli
- Decides behaviour of approach or avoid in goals
- Is autonomic - fast and without conscious thought
12
Q
Effortful Regulation
A
Requires attention
Uses working memory and other cognitive operations
Reappraisal or meditation for example
13
Q
Network System
A
- Amygdala, hippocampus and PFC form their own networks
- Achieve Reciprocal Influence on each other.
- Activate Incentive motivation in a “Chain of Cues”
- With repetition successful outcomes can be achieved
14
Q
Socially Mediated Regulation
A
- Familiar faces, physical contact, and safe attachment are associated with social regulation
- Believed to be due to oxytocin and endogenous opioids
- Experiments with electric shock people were more calm when someone held their hand.
15
Q
Socially moderated regulation
A
- Children who experience social deprivation had lower levels of vasopressin and oxytocin
- Social isolation is a risk factor for neurodevelopment, physiological and psychosocial problems
- e.g. mental health distress, family dysfunction, poor health, cognitive decline
16
Q
Social Baseline Theory
A
- Social Affect regulation is important to attachment relationships
- Much of this is developed in the PFC in the early years
- PFC is underdeveloped in babies so caregivers need to teach regulation
- Caregivers act as surrogate PFC for emotion regulation
17
Q
Nature vs Nurture
A
- Neuro-epigenetic brain changes are being created
- Mother/Child Bond is expressed in biology of the limbic system
- Nature/Nurture debate can also be called bio-psycho-social interactions
- Biology can shape relationships which can in turn shape biology - Brain structure
18
Q
Louis Sander
A
- Pioneer of developmental psychoanalysis
- Made affective turn in therapeutic approaches moving away from cognition
19
Q
Early Positive Affective Dynamic
A
- Sanders focus on “profound consequences” of positive affect on human mental health
- Focus on understanding affective organisation related to infant/caregiver dyad
20
Q
Ancient Sub-Cortical Networks
A
- Core affects built on existing ancient neural networks
- Deep brain electrical brain stimulation shows this
- Artificially induced primal emotions can produce positive or negative feelings when correct ancient networks are stimulated
21
Q
Affective Neursoscience
A
Three sets of affect have been identified
- Emotional
- Homeostatic
- Sensory
- Feelings like Disgust, hunger and thirst are necessary for survival and homeostasis
- Sensory affect like pain and pleasure send messages to approach or avoid
22
Q
The Seven Emotional Networks
A
- Seeking
- Rage
- Fear
- Lust
- Care
- Panic
- Play
23
Q
Emotional Environment
A
- With poor social emotions in childhood negativity powers the mind
- All prosocial interactions promote natural opioid release
- This sustains emotional well being and long term resilience
24
Q
Relational Experiences
A
- Trauma and attachment are like glue, sticking long past the initial experience
- How to remove the glue to create a healing experience?
- We do not heal in isolation
- Meditation helps but caring human interactions are crucial
25
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26
Psychodynamic Theory - Jacobs (2010)
* Argued all counselling stems from Freud - Even those who disagree
* CBT is an expectation to this
* Many counselling models have some aspects of Freudian theories but not others
27
Two Freudian Ideas supported by Neuroscience
* Personality evolves over time: Early Childhood is intensely formative
* Individual is not in complete charge of the whole self
28
Define Psychodynamic
* Encompasses the mind/emotions/spirit/self
* Is active and never static throughout life
* Can be interactions between people
* Can also relate to the self - relating to psyche within yourself
29
Kleinian Theory
* Melanie Klein (1923) Observed children and mothers
* Recognised the importance of this relationship
* Humans are vulnerable and dependent for the longest time in lifespan
* This is due to the amount of time the brain forms and develops
* Instincts are driven by hopes, fears and wishes
* Instincts felt as urge to connect with desire or destructiveness
* Mostly based on unconscious and internal conflicts
30
Primary Maternal Preoccupation
* Immediately after childbirth mothers become solely focused on babies
* Excludes focus on other things creatine heightened sensitive to child's needs
* Winnicott (1971)
31
Donald Winnicott (1971)
* Saw mother's role as a mirror in early development
* A "good enough" mother will provide positive attachment
* Children internalise dysregulation if the mother's nervous system limited
* Sometimes children will develop a false self by trying to predict maternal behaviour
"What does the baby see when he or she looks at the mother's face? I am suggesting that, ordinarily, what the baby sees is himself or herself. In other words the mother is looking at the baby and *what she looks like is related to what she sees there"*
32
John Bowlby
* Created Attachment Theory - profound creative lines into children's psychoanalysis
* Focused on mother/child dyad - this has been verified in neuroscience
* Strong focus on how relationships can affect emotional regulation
* People with positive, close loving relationships have more resilience and better mental health outcomes
* This leads to secure attachments and beneficial internal working models to engage within the world
