Week 6

Question 1

Reciprocal Determinism

Answer 1

The person, the person’s environment and the person’s behaviour all influence each other in a pattern of causal two way links

Question 2

Environment

Answer 2

• Stimuli from social/physical environment
• Reinforcement contingencies

Question 3

Behaviour

Answer 3

• Nature
• Frequency
• Intensity

Question 4

Person

Answer 4

• Personality Characteristics
• Self confidence
• Expectations

Question 5

Julian Rotter

Answer 5

• Expectancy and Value
  -Locust of Control

Question 6

Expectancy

Answer 6

Our perception of how likely it is that certain consequences will occur if we engage in a particular behaviour in a given situation

Question 7

Reinforcement Value

Answer 7

How much we desire/ dread the outcome that we expect the behaviour to produce

Question 8

Example of Expectancy/ Reinforcement

Answer 8

A student that strongly values academic success and believes that studying will achieve it is quite likely to study for an exam

Question 9

Locus of Control

Answer 9

People’s personal beliefs about how much control they have over outcomes in their lives

Question 10

Internal Locus of Control

Answer 10

-People who believe that life outcomes are largely under their own personal control and depend on their own behaviour
-More likely to participate in social change movements
- More likely to engage in health promoting behaviours i.e. wear a seatbelt or eat healthily

Question 11

Martin Seligman

Answer 11

Research concerned with positive and depressive personality styles

Question 12

Learned Helplessness Experiment

Answer 12

• Administered dogs with a shock and some could escape while others could not
• He changed the environment so all dogs could leave. Those who didn’t have an escape in the first trial responded less in the second

Question 13

Learned Helplessness in Humans

Answer 13

• Uncontrollable bad event
• Perceived lack of control
• Generalised helpless Behaviour

Question 14

Attributional Style

Answer 14

• Internal Vs External
• Stable vs Unstable
• Global vs Specific

Question 15

Internal Vs External

Answer 15

Perceived sense of personal responsibility

Question 16

Stable vs Unstable

Answer 16

Perception of how long it will last

Question 17

Global Vs Specific

Answer 17

Perception of universality of the situation i.e. is this forever or just now

Question 18

Depressive Personality Indicators

Answer 18

Internal
Stable
Global

Question 19

Albert Bandura

Answer 19

• Self Efficacy
  -Observational Learning

Question 20

Observational Learning

Answer 20

Learning by watching someone else

Question 21

Self Efficacy

Answer 21

A person’s beliefs concerning their ability to perform the behaviours needed to overcome obstacles and achieve desired outcomes

Question 22

4 Determinants of Self Efficacy

Answer 22

-Performance Attainment
- Observational Learning
- Verbal Persuasion
- Emotional Arousal

Question 23

Performance Attainment

Answer 23

• Have you done something similar in the past?
  i.e. women who obtained self defence training had an increased belief that they could defend themselves

Question 24

Observational Learning

Answer 24

• Have you seen someone else do it
  i.e. after Bannister was the first one to run a sub 4 minute mile, 292 more achieved the feat within 2 years

Question 25

Verbal Persuasion

Answer 25

-Do others tell you that you can do it? i.e. support groups

Question 26

Emotional Arousal

Answer 26

-Physiological Motivation - Relaxation techniques lead to better exam performance

Question 27

Michel's five variables that might account for a person's response in a particular situation

Answer 27

- Encoding Strategies - Expectations and Beliefs - Goals and Values - Feelings - Personal Competencies

Question 28

Cognitive Affective Personality System

Answer 28

The dynamic interplay among the five factors, together with the characteristics of the situation, account for individual differences between people as well as differences in the same person across different situations

Question 29

Encoding Strategies

Answer 29

How we respond emotionally and behaviorally to other people, events, situations etc. - i.e. do we encode a job interview as an interrogation or an opportunity

Question 30

Expectations and Beliefs

Answer 30

What we expect will happen if we behave in a particular way

Question 31

Goals and Values

Answer 31

Causes us to persist in the face of barriers and determines both the outcomes and situations we seek and our reactions to them

Question 32

Affects

Answer 32

Emotions colour our perception i.e. people with high levels of neuroticism experience negative emotions intensely

Question 33

Self Regulatory Processes/ Competencies

Answer 33

People extensively control or regulate their own behaviour

Question 34

George Kelly

Answer 34

-Personal Constructs - Believed people view the world as scientists, forming theories based on what they deserve and revising them if necessary

Question 35

Personal Constructs

Answer 35

-Personal theories of how the world works - Developed through experience - Represents individual's interpretations and explanations for events in their social world

Question 36

Need for Cognition

Answer 36

-The tendency to engage in and enjoy thinking about difficult questions or problems - Relates to how a person makes decisions i.e. who they vote for