Week 6-7

Question 1

Where are collagen type 1 fibers located?

Answer 1

fibers in skin, tendon,ligaments, organ capsules, bone, and teeth

Question 2

Where are collagen type 2 fibers located?

Answer 2

fibrils in cartilage

Question 3

Where are collagen type 3 fibers located?

Answer 3

fibrils in many organs and blood vessels; Reticular stains with silver

Question 4

Where are collagen type 4 fibers located?

Answer 4

meshwork, no fibrils, in basal lamina

Question 5

What is the major role of collagen?

Answer 5

Provide structure.

Question 6

What is the major role of elastin?

Answer 6

Provide elasticity.

Question 7

GAGs or Glycosaminoglycans are responsible for what in ECM?

Answer 7

Attracting water, and allowing the area to act as lubricant or shock absorber.

Question 8

What is a proteoglycan?

Answer 8

The unit of core protein attached to many GAGs.

Question 9

Describe fibroblast cells.

Answer 9

Most abundant cells in CT. Make ECM, thus have a lot of RER.

Question 10

Describe fat cells.

Answer 10

Store, metabolize, release lipids and triglycerides.
Look like signet rings.
White (Yellow): Unilocular: store fat
Brown: multilocular: heat production.

Question 11

What is the major difference in the two types of fat cells?

Answer 11

Unilocular have one large fat droplet.

Multilocular have many smaller droplets of fat.

Question 12

Describe macrophages.

Answer 12

phagocytic, often time colored because of this.

Question 13

Describe mast cells.

Answer 13

Oval in shape with many secretory vesciles.

Often cannot see nucleus from basophilic staining.

Question 14

Describe lymphocytes.

Answer 14

Soccer ball nuclei. Lots of RER and prominent Golgi.

Question 15

What do macrophages do?

Answer 15

phagocytic and antigen presenting cells.

Question 16

What do mast cells do?

Answer 16

Full of histamine, SRS-A, and Heparin.
Release these when bound by antigen to IgE.
Important in anaphylactic shock and allergies.

Question 17

What do lymphocytes do?

Answer 17

Secrete antibodies.

Question 18

Describe dense regular CT.

Answer 18

Closely packed and aligned fibers, very few cells, little ground substance.
Transmit forces.

Question 19

Where is dense regular CT located?

Answer 19

Tendon, and aponeurosis.

Question 20

Describe dense irregular CT.

Answer 20

multiple orientations of fibers, high fiber to cell ratio.

Question 21

Where is dense irregular CT located?

Answer 21

Dermis, organ capsules, sheath of tendons, nerces

Question 22

Describe loose CT.

Answer 22

most common CT, abundant ground substance, higher cell : fiber ratio

Question 23

Where is loose CT located?

Answer 23

Hypodermis, lamina propria (under eithelia), messenteries, adventitia of organs and vessels.

Question 24

Where is reticular CT?

Answer 24

framework within tissues and organs.
Pronounced in lymphoid tissues.
Silver stains reticular tissue.

Question 25

What does chondro relate to?

Answer 25

cartilage

Question 26

Describe appositional growth.

Answer 26

Generation of chondrocytes from chondroblasts in the perichondrium.

Question 27

Describe interstitial growth.

Answer 27

Division of chondorcytes in lucunae.

Question 28

Where is fibrocartilage located?

Answer 28

Intervertibral discs and pubic symphysis.

Question 29

Where is elastic cartilage located?

Answer 29

Ears, epiglottis

Question 30

Where is hyaline cartilage located?

Answer 30

Joints, respiratory tract, and immature skeleton.

Question 31

Relative abundances of cells in blood.

Answer 31

RBCs (most), platelets, WBCs (least).

Question 32

Relative WBC abundances.

Answer 32

``` Never Let Monkeys Eat Bananas Neutrophils Lymphocytes Monocyte Eosinophil Basophil ```

Question 33

Describe Neutrophils.

Answer 33

Crazy nucleus | Smallest granules, “lilac” color, the most nuclear lobes, bacteria-killing specialist.

Question 34

Describe Eosinophils.

Answer 34

Bi-lobe nucleus | Big “pink” granules, major basic protein, destroys parasitic worms.

Question 35

Describe Basophils.

Answer 35

Hard to see nucleus | “Purple” granules, helps in inflammation and allergy.

Question 36

Describe Lymphocytes.

Answer 36

Agranular, thin rim of cytoplasm | Fights antigens, key cell of immune system.

Question 37

Describe Monocytes.

Answer 37

Agranular, big nucleus, and large amount of cytoplasm | Largest blood cell, with C-nucleus, becomes macrophage.

Question 38

What does hematocrit measure?

Answer 38

Percentage of red blood cells in blood sample.

Question 39

How many times does topoisomerase 1 nick DNA strands?

Answer 39

Once

Question 40

How many times does topoisomerase 2 nick DNA strands?

Answer 40

Twice

Question 41

How do camptothecins function?

Answer 41

They prevent religation of nicks by topisomerase 1. this causes double stranded breaks, via one strand falling completely off in replication.

Question 42

When does pRb protein bind to E2F and what does this signal for the cell?

Answer 42

pRb binds E2F when unphosphorylated and inhibits cell cycles progression.

Question 43

How would a Cyclin kinase inhibitor affect cell cycle progress?

Answer 43

A CDK inhibitor prevents pRb phosphorylation, inhibiting cell cycle

Question 44

How would up-regulation of cyclins affect cell cycle regulation?

Answer 44

More cyclins would increase CDK activity, thus phosphorylating pRb and preventing it from binding E2F and therefore activating cell cycle.