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Histology > Week 6 Blood and Hematopoieses Part 1 > Flashcards

Week 6 Blood and Hematopoieses Part 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

Is blood considered a connective tissue?

A

Yes

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2
Q

How many liters of blood do we have?

A

about 5

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3
Q

Blood is a connective tissue consisting of ____ and ________ material

A

Cells and extreacellular material

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4
Q

Cells make up what percentage of blood volume?

A

45%

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5
Q

Plasma makes up what percentage of blood volume?

A

55%

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6
Q

What are the 3 main cell types in blood?

A

Erythrocytes, leukocytes, and thrombocytes

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7
Q

What are erythrocytes?

A

Red blood cells

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8
Q

What are leukocytes?

A

White blood cells

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9
Q

What are thrombocytes?

A

Platelets

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10
Q

What is plasma?

A

“liquid” and protein components of blood

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11
Q

What does hematocrit mean?

A

Packed volume of erythrocytes

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12
Q

What is the normal volume of hematocrit for men verses woman?

A

40-50% for men and 35-45% for woman (packed cell volume of erythrocytes)

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13
Q

Discribe the layering in a centrifuged tube of blood?

A

Top 55% is water, protein/lipid components; 1% buffy coat in leukocytes and platelets; 45% erythrocytes/hematocrit

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14
Q

What is the buffy coat in a centrifuged tube of blood?

A

Leukocytes and platelets, thin and white-ish, only 1%

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15
Q

What percentage of plasma is water?

A

90%

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16
Q

What does plasma contain?

A

Dissolved gasses, electrolytes, and nutrients (and 90% water)

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17
Q

What are the two huge functions of plasma?

A

Maintain normal homeostasis: 1) proper pH and 2) osmolarity for metabolism

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18
Q

Name plasma proteins

A

Albumin, globulins, fibrinogen

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19
Q

Albumin is made by?

A

the liver

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20
Q

Albumin is responsible for maintaining

A

The osmotic pressure on the blood vessel walls (colloid osmotic pressure)

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21
Q

What are all the functions of albumin

A

1) osmotic pressure on the blood vessel walls
2) carrier protein
3) binds and transports hormones, metabolites, drugs

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22
Q

What is colloid osmotic pressure?

A

is a form of osmotic pressure exerted by proteins, notably albumin, in a blood vessel’s plasma. Usually tends to pull water into the circulatory system. It is the opposing force to hydrostatic pressure.

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23
Q

What is the most abundant plasma protein?

A

Albumin- making up ½ of total plasma proteins

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24
Q

What are globulins

A

Large protein family found in blood

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25
What are the 2 types of globulins we must know?
Immunoglobulins and nonimmune
26
Immunoglobulins (Y-globulins) are antibodies secreted by?
plasma cells
27
Nonimmune globulins are secreted by?
Liver
28
Alpha and beta globulins are?
Nonimmune globulins
29
What do nonimmune globulins do?
1) maintain osmotic pressure | 2) carrier proteins for copper, iron, and hemoglobin (haptoglobulin)
30
What is haptoglobin?
Nonimmune globulin. Transports hemoglobin specifically
31
What are y-globulins?
Immunoglobulins
32
Other general nonimmune globulins in plasma
1) fibronectin (ECM protein) 2) TONS of coagulation factors 3) other factors that exchange between blood and extracellular connective tissue
33
What is fibrinogen?
Made by liver, coagulation factor that gets processed into insoluble fibrin, cross link fibrin to ‘clot’
34
What does ‘clot’ mean?
Preventing leakage of blood from damaged vessels
35
What is fibrin?
Initial blood clotting protein, precurser is fibrinogen made in liver
36
What is plasma?
All blood solute without cell
37
What is blood serum?
Is plasma depleted of the clotting factors
38
How is plasma and serum different?
Serum is plasma AFTER you remove clotting factors, plasma is whole liquid component of blood including clotting factors (but excluding cells)
39
Blood smear
A drop of while blood is spread across the slide, dried and stained (H&E)
40
What do what do with blood instead of fixing/setting it like other tissue?
Make a ‘blood smear’
41
Do erythrocytes have a nucleus?
No. one of the last steps of differentiation is to loss organelles
42
Are RBCs dividing? Are they dead?
They are ALIVE, but they don’t divide
43
What is the MAIN function of erythrocytes?
Bind and transport oxygen to the tissue and remove carbon dioxide from the tissues
44
What is hemoglobin?
It is the oxygen and carbon dioxide transport PROTEIN present in RBCs
45
What is significant about RBCs shape?
It facilitates gas exchange by increasing surface area of cell with the indented shape
46
What is the tetramer unit of hemoglobin (from biochem)?
HbA (adult)= alpha dimer + beta dimer = tetramer | HbF (fetal)=alpha dimer and Y dimer
47
The unique cytoskeleton of erythrocytes allows them to be?
Flexible and squeeze through capillaries
48
What is the cytoskeleton made of?
Spectrin; mainly alpha and beta spectrin (NOT actin or filiments). It is anchored to plasma membrane through the transmembrane protein called Band 3
49
What is Band 3?
A transmembrane protein that anchors the spectrin cytoskeleton of erythrocytes to the plasma membrane
50
Why is it called band 3?
When they isolated proteins of tissue based on size, this protein was “band #3” from the top to the bottom. It is such an abundant part of erythrocytes, that the name stuck
51
Why would RBCs ever stack up?
Because they have been pelleted through centrifugation (tightly packed) or when they migrate through small venules/capillaries?
52
What does venule mean?
small vein
53
What is the prosthetic group for hemoglobin?
Iron-containing heme prothetic group is required for oxygen coordination
54
Only _______ RBCs are found outside of the bone marrow
Mature (without nucleus and organelles)
55
Where do erythrocytes develop?
In bone marrow on lil island structures called sinusoids located close to blood vessels
56
What is the youngest RBC (or first one made)?
Proerythroblast
57
What are proerythroblasts?
The youngest RBC, large round nucleous occupies most of the cell, cytoplasm is blue and stains blue from hematoxylin in H&E
58
Basophilic erythroblast
In bone marrow, increased production of hemoglobin so it stains more eosin, slightly smaller than proerythroblasts
59
What are the markers that tell you what cell type is abundant in blood smear
CD antigens
60
Stem cells in bone marrow can go into two main lineages. What are they?
Lymphoid or Myeloid (from there they differentiate more)
61
What are polychromatophilic erythroblasts?
Even more hemoglobin, nucleous is still large taking up most cell space (but smaller than proerythroblasts), No nucleoli
62
What are othrochromatic erythroblasts?
Full of hemoglobin now, nucleus is highly condenses, stains with eosin, at this stage the nucleus is extruded
63
What does pyknotic mean?
Highly condensed (nucelus in othrochromatic erythrocytes is pyknotic)
64
What is othrochromatic erythrocytes called once they lose their nucleus?
Reticulocyte
65
What is reticulocyte
Immature RBC, no nucleus, stains orange, in bone marrow UNLESS you’ve lost a lot of blood and the body is trying to catch up
66
List young-old: othrochromatic erythrocyte, proerythroblast, Basophilic erythroblast, reticulocyte
Proerythroblast> Basophilic erythroblast> othrochromatic erythrocyte> reticulocyte

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