Week 6 - Insect Control, Entomophagy, Heros Flashcards
(43 cards)
1
Q
Key Points: Chemical Control
A
- Important ancient pesticides
- Botanical insecticides
- Underlying reason for development of synthetic insecticides
- Advantages/Disadvantages of DDT
- Define Integrated Pest Management (IPM)
2
Q
Ancient/early insecticides (4 groups)
A
- tobacco and other botanicals
- soapsuds
- fish and whale oil (“dormant oil”)
- dusts: charcoal, soot, sulfur & ground tobacco, lime powder, plaster of Paris
3
Q
Botanicals as insecticides (4)
A
- tobacco
- rotenone
- hellebore
- pyrethrum (from a daisy Chrysanthemum cinerarifolium)
4
Q
First synthetic insecticides (4)
A
- Bordeaux mix
- Paris Green
- Elementals
- Hydrocyanic gas
5
Q
Tobacco
A
A botanical, used as an early insecticide
6
Q
Soapsuds
A
Used as an early insecticide (and still is)
7
Q
Fish and whale oil (“dormant oil”)
A
Used as an early insecticide
8
Q
Dust( charcoal, soot, sulfur, ground tobacco, lime powder, plaster of Paris)
A
Used as early insecticides
9
Q
Bordeaux mix
A
- Hydrated lime and copper sulfate
* One of the first synthetic insecticides
10
Q
Paris Green
A
- Copper acetoarsenite
* One of the first synthetic insecticides
11
Q
Elementals (antimony, arsenic, mercury, selenium)
A
- Of the first synthetic insecticides
12
Q
Hydrocyanic gas
A
- A fumigant in citrus, ca. 1880
* One of the first synthetic insecticides
13
Q
ARBOR disease definition and examples
A
- Arthropod Borne disease
- Malaria, typhus, dengue fever, encephalitis
- Spurred effort to control insects
14
Q
DDT (about)
A
Dichloro-Diphenyl-Trichloroethane
- Created in Germany in late 1800’s
- Used heavily in US between 1941 and 1976
15
Q
DDT (advantages)
A
- Kills a huge variety of insects
- Simple/cheap to manufacture
- Lasts a long time in the environment - effective a long time in the environment
- Low effect on mammals (including humans)
16
Q
DDT (disadvantages)
A
- So effective, it was overused/abused
- Persistence in the environment means bio-magnification and bio-accumulation (fish eat contaminated food, eagles eat contaminated fish)
- The above is what lead to health effects
17
Q
Chlorinated Hydrocarbons
A
Similar in structure to DDT, very persistent, spreading widely in the environment
18
Q
Organophosphates
A
Less persistent insecticides, but very toxic to birds and mammals
(Malathion, Parathion)
19
Q
Problems with synthetic insecticides
A
- Non-specific (kills pests and beneficials)
- Overuse/buildup
- Development of resistance in target insects (resulting in overuse)
20
Q
4th Generation Insecticides (description and examples)
A
- More target pest specific
- Growth/hormone inhibitors
- GMO plants (problems with resistance)
21
Q
Integrated Pest Management
A
- Multiple methods used at once
* Natural and chemical means of control
22
Q
Key Points: Insects in Your Diet
A
- What are Defect Action Levels
- 2-3 examples of Entomophagy
- Rationale for Entomophagy
- Efficiency of energy conversion between conventional food sources and insects
- Nutritional levels between conventional food sources and insects
23
Q
Edible Arthropods from the sea
A
Shrimp, lobsters, crab
24
Q
What are Defect Action Levels? (examples)
A
- Cherries - 4%
- Peaches - 5%
- Peanut butter - 30 fragments/100g
- Tomatoes - 10 fruit fly eggs/500g
25
Why are there Defect Action Levels?
Economically impractical to grow and distribute raw food without defects (including insects).
26
How DALs are set
By market tolerance
27
Weight of insects the average American eats in lifetime
1 lb
28
Examples of entomophagy (know 2-3 min.)
* Asian weaver ants
* Beetles
* Crickets
* Silkworm moth pupae
* Bamboo worms
* Hornet larvae
* Grasshoppers
29
Rationale for Entomophagy
* World protein crisis
* Losing farm land (7,863 acres per day from 1999 to 2009)
* Food security
* Alleviate poverty
* Dietary quality
30
Energy Conversion (chicken, sheep&lamb, beef, hogs, fish)
* chicken: 38-40%
* sheep&lamb: 5%
* beef: 10%
* hogs: 20%
* fish: 20%
31
Energy Conversion (grasshoppers, bed bugs, silkworm larvae, beetles, screw worm fly larvae, termites)
* grasshoppers: 12%
* bed bugs: 40%
* silkworm larvae: 31%
* beetles: 40%
* screw worm fly larvae: 36%
* termites: 68%
32
Nutritional Value (beef, pork, fish, eggs, milk)
* beef: 17-19%protein, 16-25%fat, 0%carbs
* pork: 15-17%protein, 23-31%fat, 0%carbs
* fish: 19%protein, 5%fat, 0%carbs
* eggs: 13%protein, 12%fat, 1%carbs
* milk: 4%protein, 4%fat, 5%carbs
33
Nutritional Value (termites, grasshoppers, fly pupae)
* termites: 33%protein, 33%fat, 0%carbs
* grasshoppers: 15-46%protein, 2-10%fat, 7%carbs
* fly pupae: 63%protein, 16%fat, 0%carbs
34
Key Points: Insect Impacts on Society
* Biotech
* Business (different types)
* Philosophy
* Taxonomy
* Disease control
35
Insect that is the basis of biotech as we know it
* Fruit fly (Drosophila melanogaster
36
Gregor Mendel
* Monk from mid-1800's who pioneered DNA-based plant propagation
37
Reasons to use fruit flies in genetic manipulation (8)
* Small size (easy to rear lots in a small space, pose no danger)
* Cost efficient
* Short life span (time efficient)
* Stable population (ubiquitous and expendable)
* Selected matings easily controlled
* Experimental "confounds" can be easily reduced
* Allow for intricate experiments requiring large datasets
* Results are easily generalized
38
Top 5 Biotech companies
```
US:
* Amgen
* Genentech
* Genzyme
* Gilead Sciences
Belgium:
* UCB
```
39
Gompertz Law
* "The risk of death grows exponentially as we age until reaching 100%."
Fruit flies have been used for life table studies, which are used by insurance companies to set insurance rates based on age and gender.
Higher risk = higher cost
40
Morgan & Muller
Discovered that x-rays and other short-wave radiation drastically increased genetic mutation frequency.
41
Aesop
* Greek who lived 2500 years ago
* A slave, deformed
* A poet who used insects in homilies (more than 25)
42
Aristotle
* Founded entomology as a science
* Gave first functional system of insect classification
* Gave first dichotomous identification system (one based on wings, one on mouth parts)
43
Baghdad Boils
ARBOR disease, vectored by a true fly in Diptera
- Lutzomyia longipalpis
Just by controlling this one fly, can control the disease
