Week 6: Lifestyle and Disease Flashcards
(37 cards)
What is good nutrition?
A balanced diet comprised of protein,carbohydrates, fats vitamins and minerals
Essential nutrients _______ be synthesised in the body.
Cannot be synthesised in the body
What are the Major nutrients?
Water AAs Electrolytes Trace Elements Vitamins
Iodine is a dietary ___________ that is needed to ______________________.
Trace Mineral
Synthesise Thyroid Hormone
Iodine deficiency is the most common cause of preventable ____________ and _______________. The deficiency causes __________.
Brain damage
Mental retardation
Cretinism
Cretinism is caused by __________ and results in __________, ____________ and ______________.
Iodine deficiency
Short stature
Mental retardation
Bony Deformities
Chronic Iodine deficiency results in ______________________.
Goitre Development
Vitamin D is derived from the _______ and _____________________________________.
Diet (D2)
Formed in the skin by a reaction involving UV light action (D3)
How do we clasify Vitamin D deficiency by blood levels?
Optimal - 50-62.5 nmol/L
Mild - 30-49 nmol/L
Moderate - 12.5-29 nmol/L
Severe -
What are the risk factors for Vitamin D deficiency?
• Dark skin • Elderly / Institutionalised • Photosensitivity • Patients with hip fracture, osteoporosis, osteomalacia, etc • Medications eg: anticonvulsants, glucocorticoids • Chronic illness or disability • Malabsorption syndromes • Obesity • Working in enclosed environment
Vitamin D deficiency is correlated with ___________, ___________ and _______.
Osteoporosis
Osteomalacia
Rickets
Vitamin A is also known as:
Retinol, Retinal, Retinoic acid
Vitamin A has multiple functions including functions in ______________________, ______________________ and ___________.
Growth and development
Maintenance of immune system
Good vision
What are the sources of Vitamin A?
• Foods of animal origin eg: cod liver oil, liver. butter • Carotenes eg; carrots, sweet potato, spinach • Breast milk is a natural source (mother has to be Vit A replete)
Vitamin A deficiency is associated with ______________________ and made worse by __________________________________________.
Inadequate dietary intake
by high rates of infection especially diarrhoea and measles
What are the clinical complications of Vitamin A deficiency
• Premature death • Susceptible to infection • Ocular manifestations: - Blindness (children) - Night blindness (pregnant women) - Corneal ulceration (keratomalacia) - Leading cause of preventable blindness in children
What are the sources of folate?
• Natural form of vitamin found in food
eg: Green leafy vegetables, fruits, cereals, grains, nuts,
and meats
• Water-soluble B vitamin
• Folic acid is the synthetic form of the vitamin used in fortification
What causes folate deficiency?
• Nutritional Deficiency • Malabsorption - Coeliac disease - Inflammatory bowel disease • Drugs • Increased requirements - Pregnancy - Lactation
Iron is present in 2 forms; ____________________________ and ____________________________.
Haem iron from meat, poultry and fish
Non-haem iron in vegetables and fruit
Iron absorption _________ when iron levels are low
Increases
Briefly describe Iron metabolism:
• Once absorbed, iron is bound to transport
protein, transferrin.
• Readily taken up by bone marrow.
• Iron losses in the body are generally low:
- desquamated skin cells and occult blood loss in
urine and faeces.
- menstruating women (additional 1-2 mg/day)
How do we test for Iron deficiency?
• Iron depletion
- Hb normal, ferritin low but above 10 ug/L
• Iron deficiency
- Hb normal, ferritin
What is diabetes?
The name given to a group of chronic conditions characterised by increased circulating blood glucose (hyperglycaemia) due to to reduced or ineffective use of insulin
What are the 2 categories of diabetes?
Type 1 (5-10% of cases) Type 2
