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BIOL71040 > Week 6: Viruses, Viroids, Virusoids, and Prions > Flashcards

Week 6: Viruses, Viroids, Virusoids, and Prions Flashcards

1
Q

What is the most common STI?

A

HPV

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2
Q

What can HPV lead to?

A

Cervical cancer

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3
Q

T or F: HPV testing is set to replace the Pap test for cervical cancer screening.

A

True

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4
Q

What are viruses?

A

Infectious, acellular, obligate pathogens

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5
Q

What genome does a Virus contain?

A

Either DNA or RNA, never both

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6
Q

How do Viruses reproduce?

A

They lack the machinery needed so they take over a host

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7
Q

What types of organisms can Viruses infect?

A

Every type

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8
Q

What are the two general viral structures?

A

Non-enveloped (naked)
Enveloped

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9
Q

What are the 3 common viral shapes?

A

Helical
Icosahedral
Complex

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10
Q

What are some examples of Helical viruses?

A

Ebola
Influenza
Mumps
Rabies

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11
Q

What are some examples of Icosahedral viruses?

A

COVID-19
Adenovirus
Polio
HPV

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12
Q

What are some examples of Complex viruses?

A

Herpes
Variola
HIV

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13
Q

What do Viruses rely on for reproduction?

A

Host cells and their metabolic processes

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14
Q

What do viruses lack that they need for replication?

A

The necessary enzymes

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15
Q

Where do Bacteriophages replicate?

A

In the cytoplasm of prokaryotic cells

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16
Q

What do prokaryotic cells lack that make them ideal for bacteriophages?

A

A nucleus and organelles

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17
Q

Where do most DNA viruses replicate in Eukaryotes?

A

In the nucleus

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18
Q

While normal DNA viruses replicate in the nucleus, where do large DNA viruses such as poxviruses replicate?

A

In the cytoplasm

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19
Q

Where do RNA viruses typically replicate?

A

In the cytoplasm of animal cells

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20
Q

What are the two bacteriophage infection types?

A

Lytic (Virulent)
Lysogenic (Temperate)

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21
Q

What are Lytic (Virulent) infections?

A

They lyse the host cell

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22
Q

What are Lysogenic (Temperate) infections?

A

They integrate DNA/RNA into the host chromosome

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23
Q

What are the 5 stages of Lytic (Virulent) infections?

A
  1. Attachment
  2. Penetration
  3. Biosynthesis
  4. Maturation
  5. Lysis
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24
Q

What are the 6 stages of Transduction?

A
  1. Viral attachment and penetration
  2. Integration
  3. Excision
  4. Infection
  5. Recombination
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25
How does Penetration differ in Eukaryotic hosts than in Prokaryotic hosts?
Eukaryotic viruses can enter host cells either through endocytosis (the virus is engulfed by the host cell) or membrane fusion (the viral envelope fuses with the host cell membrane).
26
How does Nucleic Acid Biosynthesis differ in Eukaryotic hosts than in Prokaryotic hosts?
Eukarytoic viruses have more complex genome types and have different strategies for replication and protein
27
How does Release differ in Eukaryotic hosts than in Prokaryotic hosts?
These viruses can be released through budding, where they take part of the host cell membrane as they exit, or through lysis, bursting the host cell.
28
What are the 2 Genome types?
DNA and RNA
29
What is DNA?
- Double helix strand running opposite - Contains deoxyribose - A&T, C&G base pairs
30
What is RNA?
- Single stranded - Contains ribose - A&U, C&G base pairs
31
What are the 2 naming conventions for DNA genomes?
dsDNA = double-strand ssDNA = single-strand
32
What are the 3 naming conventions for RNA?
dsRNA = double-strand +ssRNA = positive single-strand -ssRNA = negative single-strand
33
When was HIV/AIDS first recognized as a disease?
1981
34
When was HIV/AIDS first isolated?
1983
35
When were HIV/AIDS test approved for use?
1985
36
T or F: Early HIV tests were highly sensitive to protect the blood supply (sensitive = true negative)
True
37
What are the two forms of Persistent infections?
Latent Chronic
38
What are Latent infections?
The virus remains dormant after an initial acute infection. It may stay inactive for years before reactivating.
39
What are some examples of Latent infections?
Varicella-zoster (chickenpox & shingles) Herpes (oral & genital) Epstein-Barr (mononucleosis)
40
What aer Chronic infections?
Characterized by long-term persistence with recurring or ongoing symptoms. Viruses may evade the immune system, leading to prolonged infections.
41
What are some examples of Chronic infections?
HIV Hepatitis C
42
What are the 4 stages of the Viral Growth Curve?
1. Inoculation: inoculum of virus binds to cells. 2. Eclipse: virions penetrate the cells. 3. Burst: host cells releases many viral particles. 4. Burst size: number of visions released per bacterium.
43
What are some of the ways we can test for the presence of a virus?
- Presence of cytopathic effects - Hemagglutination assay - Nucleic acid amplification test (PCR and RT-PCR) - Enzyme immunoassay
44
What are Cytopathic effects?
Visible cell abnormalities caused by viral infection, including changes in cell shape, loss of adherence, vacuoles in the cytoplasm, nuclear shrinkage, and complete cell lysis
45
What are Hemagglutination Assays?
Serological (blood) test used to detect certain viruses in a patient's serum by observing the clumping (agglutination) of red blood cells, caused by viral surface proteins (hemagglutinins).
46
What are Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) tests?
PCR is a nucleic acid amplification test (NAAT) used to detect viral DNA in patient samples, such as tissue or body fluids.
47
What are Reverse Transcriptase PCR (RT-PCR) tests?
The enzyme reverse transcriptase converts viral RNA into complementary DNA (cDNA), which can then be amplified by PCR.
48
What are Enzyme Immunoassays?
They use antibodies to detect specific antigens with high specificity, even in complex mixtures.
49
What are Viroids?
Viroids are small, circular RNA molecules that lack a protein coat that is typical of viruses, and they do not code for any proteins and replicate within plant cells by hijacking the host's RNA polymerase.
50
What do Viroids infect?
They solely infect plants and are responsible for several agricultural diseases, including Potato spindle tuber and Apple scar skin
51
What are Virusoids?
Subviral particles part of a larger group called satellite RNAs which require co-infection with a helper virus.
52
What do Virusoids infect?
Solely plants
53
Can Virusoids replicate on their own?
No
54
How many types of Virusoids and their helper viruses have been identified?
Only 5
55
What are Prions?
They are caused by the misfolding of the prion protein (PrPc), can be caused by a genetic mutation or spontaneously, or can be infectious.
56
T or F: Prions cannot cause other proteins to misfiled in the same way.
False
57
What do Prions lead to?
Leads to the accumulation of defective proteins that cause plaques in the brain and lead to neurodegenerative disease
58
What is Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease?
The most common human prion disease
59
What are some animal prion diseases?
Scrapie (sheep and goats) Chronic wasting disease (cervids) Bovine spongiform encephalopathy (cattle)
60
What's the treatment for Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease?
Supportive therapy only
61
What are other prion disease?
Kuru Gerstmann-Straussler-Scheinker Syndrome (GSS) Fatal Familial Insomnia (FFI)
62
When did the Global Public Health Intelligence Network begin?
1997 in collaboration with the WHO

BIOL71040 (12 decks)

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