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Week 6 - Week 11 Flashcards

Test Study (79 cards)

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1
Q

describe the classical school of criminology theory

A

Law-breaking occurs when people, faced with a choice between behaving rightly and wrongly, choose to behave wrongly

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2
Q

describe the positivist school of criminology theory

A

emphasise factors that determine criminal behaviour, seeking to understand crime through scientific method and analysis of data e.g sociological, biological, environment and psychological factors

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3
Q

Describe Sociological Theories

A

propose that crime results from social and cultural forces that are external to any specific individual, and exist prior to the criminal act (Crimes emerges from social class, political, ecological, or physical structures affecting large groups of people)

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4
Q

Describe the Notion of Repression theory (Freud)

A

Traumatic events are banished from conscious recall until such time as we are able to cope with them (when uncovered these memories are in pristine condition)

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5
Q

true/false, according to the notion of repression theory, recalled memories are in near perfect condition?

A

true

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6
Q

what are three signs of repressed memories back in the day?

A

Depressive symptoms, feeling anxious, being scared or having phobias, sense of failure or helplessness

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7
Q

According to repressed memories what were the dangers with therapy during this time? (4)

A
  1. A priori assumptions regarding abuse
  2. Confirmation biases and specific hypothesis testing
  3. Plausibility-enhancing “evidence”
  4. Adopting and confirming belief in abuse
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8
Q

What is (pope and hudson) three-pronged evidence approach

A
  1. That the abuse did take place
  2. That it was forgotten and inaccessible for some time
  3. That it was later remembered
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9
Q

Explain retrospective studies (repressed memory) (3)

A
  • individuals are interviewed today
  • Asked about history of abuse
  • Asked about the memory continuity
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10
Q

Explain prospective studies (repressed memory) (2)

A
  • Individuals with a documented history of abuse
  • Interviewed many years later
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11
Q

What are some typical research problems with repressed memory studies?

A

simply did not want to tell a stranger about abuse, participants were never directly asked, participants would report abusive events outside of the documented events

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12
Q

What is the recipe for a recovered memory (4 steps)

A

Step 1 - Considering the false event to be personally plausible
Step 2 - Developing a belief that the memory happened
Step 3 - Constructing a memory (e.g. an image or a narritive)
Step 4 - Making a source monitoring error

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13
Q

Describe imagination inflation

A

Imagining an event occurring led to a significant increase in confidence that it occurred

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14
Q

How do we know participants believe these memories? (4)

A
  1. They are genuinely surprised when debriefed
  2. They are willing to say that they are making something up
  3. They were happy to report that they didnt remember the true event
  4. They came up with reasons for not being able to remember
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15
Q

True or False, research to date supports the notion that traumatic memories can be repressed and then uncovered at a later date

A

False

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16
Q

True or False, false memory research provides a far more parsimonious (simpler) explanation for recovered memories

A

True

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17
Q

true or false, at this stage, we can tell the difference between real and false memories

A

False

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18
Q

What are three reasons of why theories of criminal behaviour is important?

A
  1. Understanding how crime comes about can aid prevention
  2. can help us predict future behaviour
  3. helped form the basis of psychologcal treatments for offenders
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19
Q

Describe Structural theories

A

Dysfunctional social arrangements (poor education, unemployment etc) prevent people from achieving their goals in a legitimate way

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20
Q

Describe subcultural theories

A

Criminal behaviour occurs because different behavioural norms are held by different groups (Group pressure)

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21
Q

what is this statement an example of; “punishment must fit the crime”

A

classical school of criminology

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22
Q

what is this statement an example of; “punishment must fit the criminal”

A

positivist school of criminology

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23
Q

Describe social-psychological theories

A

how society interacts with a person

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24
Q

Describe learning theory (social-psychological)

A

Propose that people learn to commit crime (i.e. if an individual does not learn to commit a crime, crime would not be committed)

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25
Describe control theory (social-psychological)
Propose that people have to learn not to commit crime (i.e. in the absence of this learning, they would commit crime)
26
Describe classical conditioning
a learning process where an involuntary response becomes associated with a specific stimulus after repeated pairings with another stimulus that naturally elicits that response.
27
Describe operant conditioning
a learning process where behaviors are modified through associating them with rewards or aversive stimuli
28
Describe psychological theories
Propose that crime results from personality attributes that are uniquely possessed, or possessed to a special degree, by the potential criminal
29
What are the three parts of psyche?
1. The id, pushes people to act in selfish ways 2. The superego, is the ethical component 3. The ego, tries to negotiate between the two
30
In terms of psyche, when does crime occur?
When the ego cant control the id
31
what mythical creature would id be?
Devil
32
what mythical creature would superego be?
Angel
33
what is the ego?
The bridge between superego and id, negtiates between the two
34
Describe the dual model of psychopathy? (2)
1. neurologically unable to experience the level of fear or anxiety normal people do 2. inability to adequately control impulses for doing inappropriate things
35
true or false, psychopathy is easy to treat as individuals have the motivation and desire to be rehabilitated
false
36
What is the closest disorder in DSM to psychopathy?
Antisocial Personality Disorder
37
Describe biological theories
Propose that genetic influences, neuropsychological abnormalities, and biochemical irregularities play a role in criminal behaviour
38
Explain concordance rate
The percentage of twins that share the behaviour of interest
39
True or false, if the concordance rate of identical twins is significantly higher that the concordance rate of fraternal twins, we can tentatively conclude that behaviour is genetically influenced
true
40
What is the MAOA gene linked too
aggression
41
explain integrated theory
combine elements from different existing theories to provide a more comprehensive understanding of crime and criminal behaviour
42
Why is there an offending peak? (2)
prevalence and incidence
43
in terms of an offending peak, describe prevalence
a change in the number of people willing to offend
44
in terms of an offending peak, describe incidence
A change in the number of crimes that people are committing
45
Describe Life course persistent ASB
displays continuity across the lifespan and across situations
46
Describe Heterotypic continuity (LCP ASB)
Continuity of an inferred trait or attribute that is presumed to underlie diverse behaviours
47
What puts a child at risk for LCP ASB?
Neuropsychological deficits, Maternal drug use, birth comps, poor nutrition and interactional continuity
48
Interactional continuity
children with cognitive/temperamental problems are often not born into supportive environments
49
Describe evocative interaction
when our behaviour evokes distinct responses from others
50
Describe reactive interaction
when we interpret our environment according to our behavioural style
51
Describe proactive interaction
when we seek out environments that support our own style
52
describe cumulative consequences
the snowball effect
53
Describe contemporary consequences
the same factor influences several later factors.
54
Describe Adolescence-Limited ASB
Antisocial teenagers who have no notable history of antisocial behaviour in childhood and no future as antisocial adults
55
describe social mimcry
when one species mimics the behaviour of a more successful species to gain access to a valuable resource (mature status)
56
How is adolescence-Limited ASB Reinforced?
by its consequences (Statements of personal independence)
57
Give two reasons for, why dont all teenagers become delinquent?
1. Maturity gap doesnt occur/is not perceived e.g late puberty, access to roles respected by adults. 2. Lack of exposure to LCP adolescent role model e.g lack of physical access (all girls school), and personal characteristics
58
When does adolescence-limited ASB stop? (3)
1. Waning motivations - become adult 2. Shifting contingencies - damaging interactions not worth it 3. The presence of options for change
59
Why are interrogations and confessions important?
In criminal law, confession evidence is a prosecutor's most potent weapon
60
Why Conduct an Interrogation? (2)
1. To elicit further information relevant to a case 2. To obtain a full or partial confession
61
Describe fundamental attribution error
overemphasize personal traits (like personality or character) and underestimate situational factors when explaining other people's behaviour.
62
How Do Police Elicit Confessions?
Maximisation (bad cop) versus minimisation (good cop)
63
true or false, The innocent suspect will supposedly give concise answers because he has no fear of being trapped
true
64
true or false, The innocent suspect will supposedly slouch and be rigid
false
65
The guilty suspect will supposedly make good eye contact
false
66
The guilty suspect will supposedly be impolite
false
67
If a suspect doesn't confess but is guilty, what is this described as? A. Hit B. False negative C. False positive D. True negative
B. False negative
68
If a suspect does confess but is not guilty, what is this described as? A. False positive B. True negative C. Hit D. False negative
A. False positive
69
If a suspect does confess but is guilty, what is this described as? A. False negative B. Hit C. True negative D. False positive
B. Hit
70
If a suspect does not confess but is not guilty, what is this described as? A. False negative B. Hit C. True negative D. False positive
C. True negative
71
describe Voluntary False Confessions
Self-incriminating statement that is offered without external pressure from the police
72
describe Coerced Compliant Confessions
Self-incriminating statement that is obtained after intense interrogation pressures (suspect confesses to escape interrogation but knows they are innocent)
73
describe Coerced Internalized Confessions
An innocent person subjected to a coercive interrogation actually comes to believe that he or she is guilty
74
describe Interrogative Suggestibility
is the degree to which a person's memory, decisions, or statements can be influenced
75
Coerced internalized confessions all seem to have two things in common?
(1) A vulnerable witness (2) The presentation of false evidence
76
Give some examples of why Innocent people might be particularly vulnerable to confessing, because they:
– believe the truth will prevail – are more likely to waive their rights – don’t use self-preservation strategies – overestimate the extent to which their thoughts, emotions, and inner states can be seen – are more likely to confess when told there will be physical evidence
77
what is deception?
A successful or unsuccessful deliberate attempt, without forewarning, to create in another individual a belief which the communicator knows to be untrue
78
describe Undeutsch Hypothesis
statements derived from memory are qualitatively and quantitatively different than those derived from invention or fantasy
79
describe Physiological Cues to Deception
A scientific measuring device that can display a direct and valid representation of various types of bodily activity

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