Week 6: Youth sport development

Question 1

Benefits of youth sport participation:
Physical Health

Answer 1

• Strengthens muscles and bones
  -Improves cardio vascular fitness
• Maintains healthy weight
• Reduces risks of cancer and diabetes
• Raises physical activity levels
• Coordination and flexibility
• Improve quality of life
  (Andersen & Bakken, 2019; Anderson & Butcher, 2019; Coakley, 2022)

Question 2

Benefits of youth sport participation: Brain Function

Answer 2

• Stimulates growth in the part of the brain responsible for memory
• improves ability to concentrate
  (Gould, 2019; youth sport trust, 2022)

Question 3

Benefits of youth sport participation:
Psychological and social wellbeing

Answer 3

• Lower rates of anxiety and depression
• lower amounts of stress
• increase self esteem and confidence
• increase release of feel good endorphins
• happiness and resilience
• increase communication and teamwork
• enhance peer relationships and improve social skills
• reduce risk of suicide
• reduce substance abuse and risky behaviour
• increase life satisfaction
  (Andersen & Bakken, 2019; Anderson & Butcher, 2019; Coakley, 2011; Gould, 2019; Youth sport trust, 2022)

Question 4

Positive youth development (PYD)

Answer 4

• Asset building approach to youth development research and practice that emphasises enhancing strengths and developing potential youth (Lemer, 2017)
• Originates in developmental psychology
• Includes a range of approaches, theories models and constructs
  (Coackley, 2016; Holt, 2020)
• Views all youth as recourses to be developed

Question 5

The 5cs of PYD

Answer 5

• Competence
• Confidence
• Character
• Caring
• Connection
  (Holt, 2020)

Question 6

PYD through sport

Answer 6

Emphasis on the use of sport to develop positive attributed amongst young people
Facilitated youth dev via experiences and processes that enable participants in adult supervised programmes to gain transferable personal life skills.
(Holt et al, 2016)

Question 7

Fraser- Thomas et al (2005) model of PYD through sport. 3 Conditions:

Answer 7

• Considering Physical, Psychological, social and intellectual stages of youth development
• Being conducted in appropriate settings
• Fostering developmental assets in youth

Question 8

A model of sport based life skill model (Pierce et al, 2017)

Answer 8

• A model of life skills transfer through sport
• Once skills have been internalised may transfer to other life domains
• Transfer is influenced by psychological factors
• Entire model is framed within broader sociocultural environment

Question 9

8 Issues in youth sport (Gould, 2019)

Answer 9

• Physical
• Psychological
  -Access and structural issues
• Sport culture issues
• Significant others
• Economic Issues
• Government and legislative
  -Translational science and programme evaluation

Question 10

Why you should pay attention to issues in youth sport (Gould, 2019)

Answer 10

• Help children to have goal experiences to maximise growth and PD in a safe environment
• Ensure youth experience is positive for all the children involved
  Increase the likely hood that the benefits of youth sport will outweigh the possible risks.

Question 11

Race/ Ethnicity

Answer 11

• Shaped by race racisim and ethnicity
• Sports a vehicle for expression of ethnic identity and pride
• Minority ethnic groups dont frequently express sporting preferences in the same way providers anticipate
• tokenism
  (Dagkas, 2019; Flemming, 2016)

Question 12

Neoliberalism Definition

Answer 12

A revival of liberalism
Late 20th century political reappearance of the 19th century ideas associated with free market capitalism after it fell into decline post 2nd world war.
(Thorsen & lie, 2006)

Question 13

Ideological tennets (Coackley, 2016; Giroux, 2005)

Answer 13

• Liberty
• competitive individualism
• self interest
• freedom of choice
• technical progress

Question 14

Boys (20%) are more likely to be active everyday everyday than girls(14%)
Lowest percentage of physical activity participation among girls in years 9-11

Answer 14

(Sport england, 2018)

Question 15

Why are girls less likely to participate?
Internal/ Psychological/ Relational

Answer 15

• Low levels of confidence, self worth or perceived confidence
• Lack of motivation stemmed from low levels of perceived skill, dislike of team sport, and negative feedback from peer and teachers.
• Increased school workloads and pressure from parents to academically perform well.
• Being physically active was not ‘cool’ and opted to participate in in alternative leisure activity
  (Corr et al, 2019; Mitchell et al, 2015)

Question 16

Why are girls less likely to participate?
School environments

Answer 16

Gendered socialisation
School Curriculums
- girls more likely to be offered dance gym netball hockey lessons boys football rugby cricket with an emphasis on competitive and technical elements
Alienation of lower ability girls
- Physical barriers
inadequate changing facilities
unsuitable equipment
(Department of education 2010; Mitchel et al, 2015)

Question 17

Why are girls less likely to participate?
Wider societal structures

Answer 17

• under representation of women or female sports in media (UNESCO, ND)
• Lack of role models both as participation and in leadership roles

Question 18

Title X (USA)

Answer 18

Federal law in the USA
- part of the education amendments of 1972
Prohibits discrimination based on sex
(Stevenson, 2020)

Question 19

This girls can (UK)

Answer 19

Invested by the national lottery and exchequer funding
Objectives:
- increase girls and women participation in sport
- change feeling on sporting experiences
- Change opportunities
Started in jan 2015 and has 4 phases
impact after the third phase
- recognition of the campaign remained highest among young groups
- significant agreement sport and physical activity are part of routine
- Changes in attitudes
(Sport england, 2021)