Week 7 Flashcards

Question

toddler cardio system

Answer 1

Heart rate decreases Blood pressure increases

Answer 2

Heart rate decreases; blood pressure increases slightly; innocent heart murmur may be heard

Answer 3

Blood pressure increases Pulse rate decreases

Answer 4

Size and strength of heart increases Systolic blood pressure increases Heart rate decreases

Answer 5

Eruption of teeth Increase in capacity of stomach and intestines Increased production of digestive enzymes Liver begins to conjugate bilirubin and secrete bile Consistency and frequency of stools change

Answer 6

Stomach increases in size Small intestine grows in length Stool passage decreases in frequency to 1-2 a day

Answer 7

20 deciduous teeth should be present Small intestine grows in length

Answer 8

Deciduous teeth replaced by permanent teeth Fewer GI upsets Stomach capacity increases Caloric needs are lower

Answer 9

Full set of permanent teeth Liver, spleen, kidneys, and digestive tract enlarge

Answer 10

Greater % of body weight in extracellular fluid (35%) Greater susceptibility to dehydration Greater frequency of urination Relatively lower specific gravity of urine Immature renal structures Reduced glomerular filtration rate, tubular secretion and reabsorption and renal perfusion

Answer 11

Kidneys reach adult function by 24 months of age Bladder capacity increases , allowing longer retention

Answer 12

Urethra remains short, susceptible to UTIs

Answer 13

Bladder capacity increases Prepubescent occurs

Answer 14

Bones increase in length; pot-bellied appearance due to weak abdominal muscles until 3 years old

Answer 15

Bones lengthen, muscles strengthen and mature

Answer 16

Greater Coordination and strength Muscles still immature and can easily be injured Bones continue to ossify Mineralization not complete until maturity

Answer 17

Ossification occurs earlier in girls, in late adolescents in boys Shoulder, chest, and hip breadth increase in middle adolescence

Answer 18

Vernix caseosa (white, greasy substance) Covers fetus in utero, preterm newborn Found in folds of skin, axilla, groin of term newborn Lanugo (fine, downy hair) Covers body of many neonates; lost over time Milia (tiny white bumps on nose, cheeks, or chin) Baby acne (bright red raised bumps on face, torso) Acrocyanosis (blueness of hands and feet) Mottling (pink-and-white marbled appearance)

Answer 19

Skin becomes thick and tough; Sebaceous glands are more active; Sweat glands function at adult level

Answer 20

Immunoglobulin G (IgG) Delivered through placenta to fetus from mother Confers immunity during first 3 to 6 months of life for antigens mother was previously exposed to Then, synthesized by infant, reaching 40% of adult levels by age 12 months IgM Produced abundantly after birth, reaching adult levels by 9 months of age IgA, IgD, and IgE Gradual increase in production until early childhood

Answer 21

Matures to adult level around 10 years old; fewer infections experienced

Answer 22

Phenomenal increases in first 12 months of life Movements using large muscles (head control, rolling, sitting walking) Develop in a cephalocaudal (head-to-tail) fashion

Answer 23

Movements using small muscles of hands and fingers (grasping, self-feeding, self-dressing) Develop in a proximodistal (centre-to-periphery) fashion

Answer 24

Running, climbing, jumping, pushing or pulling a toy, throwing a ball, pedaling a tricycle

Answer 25

Reaching, grasping, releasing, stacking, turning pages, removing socks and shoes, building block towers, holding utensils and crayons

Answer 26

Coordination, balance, and rhythm improve Bicycling, jumping rope, dancing, skating, swimming

Answer 27

Refined due to myelination of central nervous system Hand-eye coordination and balance improve Writing, printing words, sewing, building models

Answer 28

Endurance increases Middle adolescence: increased speed, accuracy, coordination

Answer 29

Greatly increased due to use of computers Early adolescence: increased ability to manipulate objects; improved finger dexterity, handwriting Middle adolescence: refining of dexterity skills Late adolescence: precise hand-eye coordination

Answer 30

Young infant does not: Respond or startle to loud noises Follow a moving object by 2 to 3 months Focus on a near object Start to make sounds or babble by 4 months Turn to locate sound at age 4 months Infant has persistent crossing or wandering of eyes at any age

Answer 31

Use of all senses to explore the world Vision progresses Depth perception matures Hearing at adult level Sense of smell matures Taste discrimination not completely developed

Answer 32

All senses are mature Typical child has 20/20 vision acuity Vision problems frequently identified in school-age children Amblyopia (lazy eye: reduced vision in an eye not adequately used during early development)

Answer 33

Infant does not: Make sounds at 4 months of age Laugh or squeal by 6 months of age Babble by 8 months of age Point to desired objects at 12 months of age Use two to three single words with meaning at 12 months of age (mama, dada)

Answer 34

Receptive language development The ability to understand what is being said or asked Typically far more advanced than expressive language development Echolalia: repetition of words and phrases without understanding Telegraphic speech: speech that contains only the essential words to get the point across

Answer 35

Not capable of abstract thought (e.g., death) Acquisition of language allows expression of thoughts and creativity Transition from telegraphic speech at age 3 years to sentences adult-like in structure at age 5 years Increased fluency

Answer 36

Vocabulary expands Culturally specific words are used Reading efficiency improves language skills More complex grammatical forms are used Development of metalinguistic awareness occurs Metaphors are beginning to be understood

Answer 37

Improved communication skills, using correct grammar and parts of speech Increased vocabulary Use of slang, making communication with people other than peers more challenging By late adolescence, language skills comparable to those of adults

Answer 38

Stranger anxiety Indicates infant recognizes self as separate from others Separation anxiety Infant becomes distressed when parent leaves Temperament Ranges from: Less or moderately active, regular, and predictable To highly active, more intense, and less adaptable Cultural differences

Answer 39

Separation Seeing oneself as separate from the parent Individuation Forming a sense of self and independence Exerting control over one’s environment Leads to emotional lability (temper tantrums) Egocentrism Focus on self

Answer 40

May rely on a security item Becomes aware of gender differences May display aggressive behaviours Becomes more self-aware, but does not have clear body boundaries May express separation anxiety again Expresses temperament (easygoing, difficult, slow-to-warm-up) May show fear of loss of parents and of strangers

Answer 41

Cooperation Sharing (of things and feelings) Kindness Generosity Affection display Conversation Expression of feelings

Answer 42

temperament self esteem body image peer relationships family and cultural influences habits, beliefs, values

Answer 43

Relationship with parents and siblings Changes and conflict, requiring adjustments and understanding of adolescent development Pursuit of self-identity and independence More time spent with peers Self-esteem linked to body size and shape, sexual characteristics, meeting societal standards Peers’ essential role in forming identity of adolescent

Answer 44

Infant Nutritional Requirements Essential for growth and development Breastfeeding and bottle - feeding of infant formula both acceptable Cultural factors Needs related to the tremendous growth

Answer 45

Breast milk composition Maternal-infant bonding Breast milk supply and demand Breastfeeding techniques Assess new mothers for pain on breastfeeding Exceptions to recommended breastfeeding

Answer 46

Feeding patterns Types of formulas and bottles Special formulas Proper preparation Proper storage of formula Care of bottles Importance of fortification with iron

Answer 47

Progressing to solid foods (typically after 6 months) Assessing infant readiness Disappearance of tongue extrusion reflex Ability to swallow Production of sufficient amounts of enzymes Choosing appropriate solid foods Iron-fortified rice cereal mixed with breast milk or formula Introduction of one new food every 3 to 5 days Promoting healthy eating habit

Answer 48

Forming healthy eating habits early in life Diet high in nutrient-rich foods Weaning Timing depends on cultural and ethnic beliefs, mother’s work schedule, desired child spacing Inform mother of benefits of extended breastfeeding Weaning of bottle-feeding by 12 to 15 months Teaching about nutritional needs Advancing to solid foods

Answer 49

Use a child -sized spoon and fork with dull tines Seat the toddler in a high chair or at a comfortable height in a secure chair Never leave the toddler unattended while eating Minimize distractions during mealtime Promoting healthy eating habits Preventing overweight and obesity

Answer 50

Calorie needs vary based on age, gender, and activity level Boys and girls 4 to 8 years old, moderately active 1,200 to 1,400 calories/day Boys 9 to 13 years old, moderately active 1,800 calories/day Girls 9 to 13 years old, moderately active 1,600 calories/day Promoting healthy eating habits and preventing overweight and obesity

Answer 51

Nutritional assessments to help guide food choices at home and in restaurants Evaluation of foods from different food groups eaten each day Number of times fast foods, snacks, other junk food eaten per week Calorie intake

Answer 52

Hours of sleep needed per night: 6 to 8 years old: 12 hours 8 to 10 years old: 10 hours 10 to 12 years old: 9 to 10 hours Should have bedtime expectations and wake-up times Night terrors and sleepwalking may occur but should resolve by age 8 to 10 years

Week 7 Flashcards

(76 cards)