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PYSCH 2B > Week 7/8 Psych Health > Flashcards

Week 7/8 Psych Health Flashcards

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1
Q

what are psych health problems

A

experiences/emotions/perceptions/judgements/thoughts/sensations/urgers/motivations/behaviours
–> that cause distress to self/others

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2
Q

positive effects of receiving a diagnosis

A

can make sense
reduce self-blame
access services
find supprot

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3
Q

negative effects of receiving a diagnosis

A

stigma
sense of different
defeat
may feel trapped

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4
Q

abnormal?

A

psych health problems = recurring patterns of human experience
not statistically/qualitatively abnormal
‘abnormal’ = biomedical view
stigmatising

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5
Q

diagnostic classification

A

based on recurring and reliable patterns of human experiences
categorises + classifies them into discrete entities called ‘diagnoses’ of ‘disorder’

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6
Q

aims of classification systems

A

reliability
underlying assumption: having such ssstems furthers understanding mechanism + cause –> treatment

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7
Q

classification systems

A

diagnostic + statistical manual of mental disorders (DSM5)
international classification of diseases - 11th

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8
Q

major depressive disorder symptoms

A

experiece 5+ symptoms during 2-week period: 1) depressed and/or 2) loss of interest
all most of day, every day
- depressed mood
- diminished interest in all activities
- weight loss when not dieting/weight gain/appetite changes
- thought has slowed + physical movement decreased
- fatigue/low energy
- feeling worthless/inappropriate guilt
- diminished concentration/indecisiveness
- thoughts of death/suicidal ideation/suicide attempt
- impairment in social, occupational, functional areas
- not resulting from substance abuse/medical condition/bereavement

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9
Q

diagnostic system criticisms

A
  • dont known if diagnoses are discrete things
  • no confirmation tests
  • ultra-common comorbidity
  • diagnostic differences among clinicians
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10
Q

dsm5 critiques - scientific, practical, ethical

A
  • lack of validity - based on consensus about clusters of clinical symptoms (not objective laboratory measure)
  • minor changes to criteria = big diff in diagnostic rates
  • diagnoses have proliferated but arbitrary deletions too
  • DSM book = income stream for APA
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11
Q

psychological formulation

A

use existing psycho knowledge to understand origins/mechanisms/maintenance of individual problems

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12
Q

five p’s formulation

A

predisposing + precipitating + perpetuating + protective factors = presentation or problem

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13
Q

theory-specific formulation

A

harder to integrate various elements
can be more precise
can be linked more to specific evidence-based practice
can be limited by diagnosis, blind-spots in theory
can straddle diagnoses

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14
Q

CBT formulation

A

early life events
core beliefs
conditional assumptions
critical incident activates negative auto responses
behaviour + physiological + emotions interact with each-other and negative responses

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15
Q

using formulation for intervention

A
  • built collaboratively over time with person
  • not imposed, instead explained, encouraged
    put meaning
  • put meaning/understaanding into problems
  • highlight places to intervene in therapy
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16
Q

macrolevel influences

A

poverty
social exclusion
discrimination
multiply discriminated identities

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17
Q

poverty stigma and social exclusion

A

negative perceptions
stereotypes abound
stigma can be internalised
childhood poverty damaging
intergenerational transmission of poverty

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18
Q

large-scale factors require

A

policy
influence
advocacy
campaigning work

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19
Q

intrapersonal influences on psych processes

A

personal historical factors
cog factors
behavioural factors

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20
Q

cognitive processes distorted in psychopathologies

A

info processing distortions along the chain
selective attention - threat stimuli in anxiety
memory - neg self-rated info in depression
overly general memory - depression
absence of selective in anxiety
interpretation - selective
cog products - intrusive repetitive thinking
inhibition - difficulties with control

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21
Q

general processes (4)

A

unprocessed memory intrusions
formation of neg expectancies and self-beliefs
disruption of dev pathways + social bonds

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22
Q

behavioural processes

A

classical: avoidance, escape create habituation, prevents extinction
safety behaviours: mixed evidence

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23
Q

interpersonal influences on psychopathology

A

attachment: insecure = avoidant, disorganised, ambivalent (strange situation test)
family dynamics
peer groups
leadership figures
social support
alienation

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24
Q

insecure attachment

A

general risk for poor psych health
childhood sep anxiety
pathological grief
personality disorders:
- anxious attachment = emotional dysregulation
- avoidant attachment = avoidant, inhibited personality
requires interplay with other factors

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25
factors influencing a negative family emotional climate
high negative emotional expression poorly managed parental emotion psychologically controlling behaviours little warmth/positivity, much criticism
26
cumulative risk factors for child psychological health problems (5)
40% parenting practices 20% parental verbal conflict, mood problems 15% disturbed, antisocial parental behaviour 10% instability, adverse life events 0% family structure, SES
27
social support buffering hypothesis
stressor --> appraisal (support prevent negative appraisal) --> response (support facilitate reappraisal, maladaptive response inhibition / inspire adaptive responses) --> expression in symptoms/behaviour
28
offsetting mechanism
perceived stigma of psych health diagnosis --> neg mental health --> social support --> pos psych health
29
4 positive psych interventions
- expressing gratitude - acts of kindness - smiling - meditations
30
4 areas that are pathways to flourishing
wellbeing quality of life good health life meaning
31
issues with the concept of 'flourishing'
very broad measurement problems contradictions lack of critical thinking implicit value judgements
32
means of attaining 'balanced' positive psychology
avoid extremes develop complementarity among areas temper construct definitions require contextual sensitivity acknowledge both: conscious, unconscious phenomena
33
more positivity in CBT
less focus on symptom reduction more focus on building adaptive behaviours retraining maladaptive processes train positive approaches e.g. self-acceptance + compassion
34
compassionate mind training
based on paul gilbert highly shame-prone, self-critical people trains, cultivates soothing stance towards self buddhist conceptualization
35
3 systems in compassion focused therapy
threat drive soothing
36
psych flexibility + acceptance and commitment therapy
updated form of CBT emphasises accepting unpleasant thoughts + letting them go articulates personal values garners commitment to actions teaches 'open, aware, engaged' responses
37
the power threat meaning framework
brings together macro factors brought into useable explanatory framework proposed as alt to diagnostic classification
38
questions in the power threat meaning framework
what role did power play what kind of threats did this pose what meanings did/do these experiences have for you what kinds of response are you using what access to power resources do you have
39
case: marko
early forties, eastern european, happily married, young child, labourer in construction --> arrived in UK as refugee - war experiences: - ethnic crime + attempted genocide experiences - held in internment camp (beaten, malnourished) --> after liberation = reunited with family + another child - marko not working due to poor psych health (neighbourhood harassment, kept within refugee community)
40
marko presentation of psychopathology
flat mood poor motivation frequent panic attacks no sense of future some suicidal thoughts
41
how has power affected marko's life
state violence against his ethnic group forced removal from home daily abuse forced refugee status ethnic minority in UK harassment unemployment, social stigma + exclusion
42
what did the power that affected marko do to him?
robbed of security, identity sources: work, community, family, culture, fun
43
marko threat response
hypervigilant startled nightmares anxious/angry/frustrated feeling unwelcome and afraid
44
what sense did marko make of his life
cant trust people are evil could not protect family cant see future life + supporting family refugee paradox: grateful for safety + resent dependency
45
what is marko doing to survive
numb feelings, avoid past avoid news ashamed - dont talk to others
46
what are marko's strengths
wife, family very supportive loving, caring father aware of social injustice
47
how can marko's story be integrated?
symptoms = responses to repeated trauma + systematic powerlessness + destruction of life marginalization in UK made adaption more difficult foreshortened future sense + numbing = rational ways of dampening intense fear
48
how was marko helped
not PTM based treatment cog therapy/exposure to build understanding of trauma
49
classical trauma bind
traumatic events --> extreme threat appraisals --> fear activated --> avoids cues, stimuli --> memories, event narratives unprocessed --> intrusions i.e. nightmares/flashbacks trigger cycle
50
early sessions for marko
found it hard to talk more fearful more intrusions trusted consultant: felt more comfortable: revealed more --> expressing anger at injustices
51
mid sessions for marko
understood numbing was coping mechanism understood his hopelessness + disconnection + not going outside = avoiding further loss BUT costing connections with his children + wife + dev. of his own life
52
later sessions for marko
find courage to risk /experiment again went out more talked to wife more encouraged others in community to talk about experiences started to come to terms with his trauma recognised UK must be his home
53
power threat meaning marko
needed safe place to express rage at injustices needed to acknowledge feelings of marginalization as refugee --> realisation of his disonnection from UK society was perpetuating that --> allowed refugee paradox to be contained --> understood numbing was trapping him in his history
54
conclusions about marko
- work consistent with PTM framework - outlined mechanisms at work in his situation - narrative and meaning making helped - consultant guided by PTM type model of trauma: acknowledge exposure, reduce avoidance of further threat, adaptive narrative of meaning - underlying mechanisms linked to DSMV - defined disorder PTSD
55
definitions of disorders and underlying mechanisms
- definitions of disorders have articulated mechanisms --> models - model of mechanisms = useful - conceptualizing mechanisms aids understanding but intervention optimally ultimately individual
56
definition of psych flexibility
human abilities to: adapt to situational demands shift mindsets/behaviour maintain balance among life domains be committed to behaviours congruent with values
57
diff between psych flexibility and acceptance commitment therapy ACT
flexibility generalised behavioural response style - all adaptive human functioning ACT transdiagnostic, non-diagnostic - theoretical clinical model articulates it
58
outline of the ACT model
6 interdependent processes called 'hexaflex'
59
outline of ACT inflexibility model
- dominance of past/future - lack of clarity with values - lack of effective action - attachment to a self-story - cognitive fusion - experiential avoidance
60
outline of ACT flexibility model
open: willingness/acceptance cog defusion engaged: contact with present moment flexible perspective about 'stories' aware: clarity with values committed actions towards values
61
ways to increase awareness
mindfulness meditation daily diary tracking psych flexibility pay attention while multitasking
62
ways to increase openness
acknowledge + validate experiences sing difficult thoughts say them in a funny voice
63
uncertainty of recovery from psych health disorder diagnoses
clinical approach = primarily relieve overt suffering research focus on understanding risks few measures of flourishing used long-term follow-ups = difficult + expensive implicit beliefs among
64
8 variables linked to good outcomes after 'trouble'
- cultural community + family resources - treatment variables social interactions and relationships - personal goals - habits / self-regulation - emotional cognitive resources - temperamental and genetic factors - premorbid functioning
65
roadmap for progress
- measure good outcomes thoroughly measure good function as potential protective factor - don't focus on risk factors alone - no implicit attitude that full recovery doesn't happen

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