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KP331 > Week 7 > Flashcards

Week 7 Flashcards

1
Q

What is the role of the immune system?

A

keep our bodies healthy (free of disease) by protecting from external invaders and internal changes

physical and chemical barriers in the body

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2
Q

What are the external barriers of the immune system?

A

skin - prevents microorganisms from entering body

mucosal membranes - prevent passage of organisms into body through orifices

bodily fluids - enzymes and antibodies break down organisms

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3
Q

What are the internal barriers of the immune system?

A

cilia - trap and move particles/organisms out of the body

stomach acid - highly acidic environment is inhospitable to many food-borne pathogens

white blood cells - carry out immune response

lymphatic system - network of vessels and organs vital in the immune system

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4
Q

What are the major types of white blood cells?

A 
neutrophils
macrophages
lymphocytes
natural killer cells
dendritic cells
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5
Q

What are neutrophils?

A

WBC

type of phagocyte

engulfs foreign organisms and infected, damaged, or aged cells
- then self-destructs (emerge as puss)

particularly prevalent during inflammatory response

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6
Q

What are macrophages?

A

WBC

type of phagocyte

large cell that devours foreign particles but does not self-destruct

free-floating: moves around catching things
fixed: in place on a tissue, have little arms to catch things as they go by

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7
Q

What are lymphocytes?

A

WBC

determine immune response based on antigen

antibodies lock on and contribute to destruction

T and B cells

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8
Q

What are antigens?

A

foreign substance markers on the cell surface, not recognized by the “self” as lymphocytes

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9
Q

What are T cells?

A

type of lymphocyte

mature in the thymus (gland by the heart, in line with sternum)

many types: helper, killer, suppressor, natural killer

inflammation, activates macrophages and other T cells, regulates immune response, etc.

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10
Q

What are B cells?

A

type of lymphocyte

mature in bone marrow

key types:

  • memory: remember pathogens and help antibodies be produced
  • effector: contribute to getting rid of pathogens in the body
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11
Q

What are antibodies?

A

specialized proteins produced by WBC that can recognize and neutralize specific microbes

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12
Q

What are natural killer cells?

A

WBC

directly destroys virus-infected and cancer cells

recognizes them via their antigens

unique in ability to kill the body’s own cells via apoptosis

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13
Q

What are dendritic cells?

A

WBC

type of phagocyte

engulf foreign cell, breaks them down, displays their antigen on the surface

specialized to activate T and B cells based on what the need is

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14
Q

How does the lymphatic system work?

A

lymph vessels pick up excess fluids and proteins, lipids, and other particles from bodily tissues

macrophages and dendritic cells congregate in lymph nodes/glands to filter bacteria, pathogens, and debris
- swelling in nodes provides clues about an infection

cleaned lymph fluid returns to bloodstream

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15
Q

What is immunity?

A

mechanisms that protect the body from infection

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16
Q

What is acquired immunity?

A

memory cells remember the virus and can prevent it from wreaking havoc again

why we don’t get the same viral illness more than once

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17
Q

What are the stages of immune system function?

A

incubation
prodromal period
injured tissue -> histamine release
WBC drawn to area to attack invaders

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18
Q

Describe the incubation phase of immune system function.

A

virus/bacteria multiplying before immune response is felt

asymptomatic, but contagious

may “feel a cold coming on”

with acquired immunity, illness may stop here

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19
Q

Describe the prodromal period of immune system function.

A

inflammatory response -> symptoms first appearance

  • ex. fever helps body ramp up immune response
  • symptoms due to immune response not pathogen

OR

acquired immunity has taken care of the illness

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20
Q

Describe the histamine release period of immune system function.

A

injured or infected tissues -> cells release histamine

blood vessels dilate
fluid transfer from capillaries to tissues
heat, swelling, redness in tissue

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21
Q

Describe the WBC attack phase of immune system function.

A

drawn to area to attack invaders

formation of pus: dead WBC and debris from their attack

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22
Q

What is immunization?

A

body recognizes a virus
- memory B cells primed with antigens, leads to quicker production of antibodies

upon infection, illness taken care of quicker

occurs naturally in the body

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23
Q

What is vaccination?

A

artificial immunization

killed or weakened pathogen administered to stimulate immune response

protect against future infection

same process as immunization just skipping the step of getting sick

24
Q

Why has the fear of vaccines been rising over recent years despite their role in preventing 3 million childhood deaths worldwide each year?

A 
religious/moral beliefs
political views
side effects
additives
overwhelming immune response
misinformation/false information
25
Q

What happened when Dr. Andrew Wakefield published an article claiming a possible link between MMR immunization and autism?

A

despite being debunked by several large studies, many people stopped vaccinating their children

Wakefield delicensed

increase in MMR related cases, hospitalizations, and deaths

26
Q

How does SDOH relate to immunization?

A

racialized groups more likely to face adverse outcomes from illness

also more likely to be essential/frontline workers

also less likely to get vaccinated
- less access, knowledge, or interest due to mistrust of healthcare system

27
Q

What are allergies?

A

hypersensitive and overactive immune system

mounts response to harmless substance (allergen)

disruption in normal immune process that distinguishes between dangerous and benign foreign substances

28
Q

What is the cause of the allergic response?

A

allergen causes cascade of events leading to histamine production

histamine increases inflammatory response and stimulates mucous production

stuffy nose, sneezing, skin rashes, etc. = immune response

29
Q

What is anaphylaxis?

A

rare reaction, medical emergency

swelling of the throat, low BP, fainting, heart arrhythmia, seizures

30
Q

How do the SDOH relate to allergies?

A

differential exposure to environmental risks

misdiagnosis in Asian and African children
- diagnostic test assess amount of NO exhaled, these children tend to have generally higher NO, leads to over-medication

studies have shown role of structural determinants and general social inequity in development of progression of asthma

31
Q

What is an autoimmune disease?

A

normally, immune system can distinguish between healthy and damaged cells, or between the self and invaders

disruptions in this process -> autoimmune disease

body’s immune system does not recognize its own cells, can attack them from the inside

32
Q

What is the most abundant type of WBC?

A

neutrophils

33
Q

What happens when there is an immune under-reaction to an internal threat?

A

cancer

hepatitis, HIV, shingles, TB

34
Q

What happens when there is an immune under-reaction to an external threat?

A

infection

bacteria, mold/fungus, parasites, viruses

35
Q

What happens when there is an immune over-reaction to an internal threat?

A

autoimmune problem

lupus, rheumatoid arthritis, IBD, T1D

36
Q

What happens when there is an immune over-reaction to an external threat?

A

allergic reaction

food sensitivities, allergies, eczema, asthma, sinusitis

37
Q

Why may females experience autoimmune diseases more than males?

A 
X chromosome
reproductive function
hormones
immune responses
organ vulnerability
effects of environmental agents
38
Q

What are the main risk factors for autoimmune diseases?

A

combination of health, environment, and genetics

ex. genetics makes someone more vulnerable, but environmental exposure triggers a particular genetic expression -> adverse immune response

39
Q

What are some common signs/symptoms of autoimmune diseases?

A 
fatigue
joint pain and swelling
skin problems
abdominal pain or digestive issues
recurring fever
swollen glands
40
Q

What are the treatments for autoimmune diseases?

A

differs for each, typically aims to reduce symptoms

identification of immune cells or chemical messages in the disease can lead to targeted therapies

41
Q

What is rheumatoid arthritis?

A

joint lining becomes damaged and inflamed, leads to chronic pain, lack of balance, deformity

commonly affects hands, wrists, knees
- usually attacks multiple joints at once

can cause problems in organ tissues

typically onset in older adults (60+)

42
Q

How is rheumatoid arthritis managed?

A

physical activity
healthy weight maintenance
quit smoking
disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs or other meds

43
Q

What is multiple sclerosis?

A

degenerative neurological disease

myelin breaks down and causes nerve malfunction

obset ages 15-50

flare ups and remission common

44
Q

What do MS flareups look like?

A

numbness, dizziness, fatigue, changes in gait, vision loss, loss of bladder control, severe muscle weakness

but when in remission, if they can prevent flare ups they can live a nearly normal life

45
Q

How is MS managed?

A

adequate sleep
eating well
controlling stress
maintaining comfortable environment (ex. temperature)

46
Q

What is Type 1 Diabetes?

A

immune system attacks pancreas, inability to make insulin

high blood sugar
- can affect blood vessels, eyes, kidneys, nerves, gums/teeth

onset from young childhood to early adulthood

47
Q

What are the symptoms of T1D?

A 
excessive thirst
frequent urination
hunger
fatigue
weight loss
slow healing sores
dry/itchy skin
lost sensations in the feet
blurry eyesight
48
Q

How is T1D managed?

A

insulin injections
closely monitoring diet
physical activity
controlling BP

49
Q

What is systemic lupus erythematosus?

A

aka SLE or lupus

disease that damages joints, skin, kidneys, heart, lungs, and other parts of the body

onset during child bearing years (14-44) in women > men

very wide range of symptoms that make it difficult to diagnose

50
Q

What are some of the many symptoms that can accompany lupus?

A 
fever
weight loss
hair loss
fatigue
"butterfly rash" on nose and cheeks
swollen/painful joints
muscle pain
chest pain
headache
dizziness
memory problems
change in behaviour
seizures
mouth sores
51
Q

How is lupus managed?

A

immunosuppressive drugs

corticosteroids

52
Q

What is inflammatory bowel disease?

A

chronic inflammation of digestive tract

most common forms are Crohn’s disease or ulcerative colitis

onset before 30 typically

53
Q

What are the common symptoms of IBD?

A

general: abdominal pain, diarrhea (may be bloody)

Crohn’s: rectal bleeding, fever, weight loss, fatigue, mouth ulcers

ulcerative colitis: painful or difficult bowel movements

54
Q

How is IBD managed?

A 
amino-salicylates
corticosteroids
immunomodulators
surgery to remove damaged tissues
vaccinations

diet management

55
Q

In terms of autoimmune diseases, which comes first: diet/physical activity habits or the disease?

A

research claims PA and diet cause illness
- but is this accurate?

argument that inflammation from illness causes poor diet and PA

  • calorie rich diets to fuel inflammation
  • being sick takes energy, less available for PA

exposure to inflammatory agents (ex. nicotine) more likely culprit of inflammatory diseases

positive role of behaviours on immune system/autoimmune diseases
- physical activity improves immune system, anti-inflammatory response, reduced incidence and outcomes of autoimmune disease

KP331 (13 decks)

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