Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

pnm- pharm > week 7- Analgesic Agents and Anti-inflammatory Agents > Flashcards

week 7- Analgesic Agents and Anti-inflammatory Agents Flashcards

(64 cards)

Start Studying
1
Q

Analgesics

A

Medications that relieve pain without causing loss of consciousness

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Pain has two element—

A

physical and psychological

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Classification of Pain

A

Somatic-originates from skeletal muscles, ligaments & joints

Visceral-originates from organs and smooth muscles

Superficial-originates from the skin and mucous membranes

Vascular-originates from vascular or prevascular tissue. Maybe responsible for migraine headaches

Referred-result of visceral nerve fibers synapse firing in the spinal cord which are close to other nerve fibers supplying tissue in the body

Neuropathic-results from injury or damage to peripheral nerve fibers or damage to the CNS. Not disease process due to injury.

Phantom-occurs in a body part that has been removed surgically or traumatically. Characterized as burning, itching, tingling or stabbing pain.

Cancer-pain due to pressure on nerves, organs or tissue. Hypoxia to an organ, circulatory blockage to an organ, metatasis, muscle spasms, side effects of chemotherapy, radiation or surgery

Psychogenic-originates from psychological issues, not physical.

Central-due to tumors, trauma or inflammation of the brain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

2 types of nerve fibers

A

Fiber A-
have myelin sheaths, large fibers, fast speed conduction pain, sharp and localized
A-controls the closing of the gates which blocks or inhibits impulses from traveling to the brain

Fiber C-
have no myelin sheaths, small fibers, slow conduction speed with dull, non localized pain
controls the opening of the gates which allows impulses to travel to the brain therefore perceiving pain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Posterior dorsal horn is where the

A

pain fibers enter the spinal cord.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Opioid Analgesics

A

Narcotics: very strong pain relievers

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

mech of action for opioids

A

Opioids bind to opioid receptors in the brain which causes an analgesic response therefore reduces pain
Can be partial agonists causing limited response by binding to the pain receptors and producing very minimal or no responses

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

The endorphins are the own body’s mechanism

A

in response to pain. They are the pain killers in our system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Opioid receptors

A

MU –analgesia, respiratory depression, euphoria, sedation
KAPPA-spinal analgesia, sedation, miosis
DELTA-analgesia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Opioid Analgesics used in adjuct with

A

NSAIDs
Antidepressants
Anticonvulsants
Corticosteroids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

besides pain, Opioids are also used for:

A

***Cough center suppression (DM or codeine)
Treatment of diarrhea (Imodium)
Balanced anesthesia (Fentanyl)

**Opioid analgesics mainly work with the CNS and brain but can also have some effects outside the CNS.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Opioid Analgesics: Side Effects

A 
Euphoria (initially)
***CNS depression
Respiratory depression
Nausea and vomiting
Hypotension (vasodilation)
Urinary retention (increased bladder tone)
Diaphoresis and flushing (vasodilation)
Pupil constriction (miosis)
***Constipation (decreased gi motility)
Itching (histamine release)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Narcan-

A

antidote which competes at the binding sites (has a higher affinity to the receptors thereby reverses symptoms). Antagonist at all opioid receptor sites in the CNS Mu KAPPA Delta. Given IM, SubQ, IV

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Toradol/Tramadol/Tramacet:

A

new drug of choice for pain control for those individuals who may use, misuse or abuse narcotics

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Non-opioid Analgesics:Acetaminophen

A

Analgesic and antipyretic effects
Little to no anti-inflammatory effects
Available OTC and in combination products with opioids

(((Blocks peripheral pain impulses in the CNS
Antipyretic effects from direct activity on the hypothalamus )))

USED FOR:Mild to moderate pain AND Fever

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

OVERDOSING ON ACETAMINOPHEN

A

Overdose, causes hepatic necrosis

Long-term ingestion of large doses also causes nephropathy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

NAC (N-acetylcysteine) antidote

A

–prevents hepatotoxic metabolites from forming

FOR ACETAMINOPHEN

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

ACTEAMINOPEN SHOULD NOT BE TAKEN IF

A

Liver dysfunction
Possible liver failure
When taking other hepatotoxic drugs

Dangerous interactions may occur if taken with alcohol

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Other Non-Opioid Analgesics:NSAID

A

– (non steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs) ie Ibuprofen, Advil, Motrin, Aleve, Diclofenac
adverse effects are GI intolerance, bleeding, and kidney impairment.

they have a ceiling effect

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Other Non-Opioid Analgesics: Muscle Skeletal Medications

A

– Methacarbomal – Robaxisal, Robaxacet

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Other Non-Opioid Analgesics: Acetylsalicylic acid

A

– Aspirin, ASA, Entrophen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Other Non-Opioid Analgesics: Corticosteroids

A
  • Prednisone
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Other Non-Opioid Analgesics: Topical Anaesthetics

A

– Lidocaine, Benzocaine, Emla

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Other Non-Opioid Analgesics: AllopurinoL

A
  • reduces the production of uric acid- uric acid buildup can lead to gout or kidney stones. Maintenance drug
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Other Non-Opioid Analgesics: Colchicine
- responds to uric acid crystals, which reduces swelling and pain for gout. Acute episodes. Very narrow therapeutic window – overdose can lead to generalized organ failure.
26
Other Non-Opioid Analgesics: Glucosamine
- naturally occurring sugar protein found in bones, bone marrow that helps build cartilage (the hard connective tissue located mainly on the bones near your joints). Supplemental therapy
27
Other Non-Opioid Analgesics: Chondroitin
- naturally occurring substance formed of sugar chains. It helps the body maintain fluid and flexibility in the joints. Used in alternative medicine as a possibly effective aid in treating osteoarthritis pain
28
Opioid Analgesics: Nursing Implications
Constipation is a common side effect to opioids and may be prevented with adequate fluid and fiber intake Patients should be instructed to change positions slowly to prevent possible orthostatic hypotension
29
Drugs in the Opioid family
``` Opium Heroin Codeine Hydromorphone (long acting) Meperidine (Demerol) Morphine Oxycodone (long acting) Oxycocet (combination of codeine and acetaminophen) Propoxyphene (Darvon) ```
30
CLASSES OF OPIODS
Opium and heroin are Schedule I agents | (schedule F in Canada): This is due to the very high dependency rate. (Controlled Drugs
31
Heroin
Causes a brief “rush,” followed by a few hours of a relaxation, content state In large doses opioid can cause respiratory arrest They block the receptors in the CNS thereby blocking the sensation of pain
32
Imodium (Loperamide) –
used for diarrhea
33
Codeine –
used for pain, cough and sedation
34
Dextromethrophan (DM) –
used as a cough suppressant
35
Fentanyl Patches –
used for severe, chronic or terminal pain
36
Pentazocine (Talwin) –
frequently used post-op but now Morphine and Demerol are more popular
37
Opioid Drug Withdrawal
Peak period: 1 to 3 days after the drug is withdrawn Duration: 5 to 7 days ``` Signs & Symptoms Drug seeking, intense desire for drugs, cravings Mydriasis, lacrimation Diaphoresis Rhinorrhea Muscle cramps Nausea, vomiting, diarrhea Hypertension, tachycardia, Anxiety, restlessness ```
38
Opioid Drug Withdrawal Treatment:
Narcan is the specific antidote - used in situations of respiratory distress
39
Opioid Drug Withdrawal Treatment:
Clonidine (Catapres) (also used to treat hypertension therefore monitor closely for hypotension)
40
Opioid Drug Withdrawal Treatment:
Methadone (used during detox as part of the maintenance programme)
41
STIMULANTS
Drugs that are taken to decrease fatigue, increase alertness, elevate mood and make you feel happier Stimulants can be used to treat narcolepsy (periods of acute sleepiness) They block the feelings of depression Can lead to physical and psychological dependence (((Stimulants work by releasing norepinephrine (neurotransmitter)))
42
Cocaine
Cocaine is a white powder that comes from the leaves of the Coca plant It is a strong stimulant with vasoconstriction effects
43
Methamphetamine
crystal meth IS THE MOST POTENT Stronger CNS effects than other amphetamines Powerful effects on the central nervous system which can lead to dependency within a few weeks the release of large amounts of a dopamine
44
Other Amphetamines
methylenedioxyamphetamine MDA, “love drug” methylenedioxymethamphetamine MDMA, “ecstasy” (common rave party drug) Pill form (methylphenidate Ritalin, Dexedrine) LSD (Lysergic acid diethylamide)
45
Stimulant Withdrawal:Signs and Symptoms
``` Peak period: 1 to 3 days Duration: 5 to 7 days Signs & Symptoms Social withdrawal Insomnia Depression, Suicidal thoughts and behavior, Paranoid delusions, hallucinations, delirium ``` In the acute phase treated with high doses of Benzodiazepines
46
DEPRESSANTS
Used to treat anxiety, irritability, tension, panic attacks, to control seizures and induce light short duration of anesthesia (for specific medical procedures)
47
TWO CLASSES OF DEPRESSANTS
Two main classes: Benzodiazepines Barbiturates
48
Benzodiazepines
Widely used for anxiety, panic disorders and insomnia They are relatively safe but when combined with alcohol or other CNS depressants they can be fatal Half life ranges from 1-100 hours
49
Benzodiazepines:Flunitrazepam (Rohypnol) “Roofies” “Date Rape Drug”.
When combined with alcohol causes amnesia This is generally slipped into one’s drink and when consumed causes symptoms in 1 minute The victim has no recall of any events.
50
Barbiturates
Cause more CNS and respiratory depression when compared to BZ Rapidly penetrate into the brain to produce CNS depression and anesthesia Their half life is very long. Their abuse generally increases with those who do not get positive effects with BZ They have a serious dependency effect on the body
51
SAFETY
BZ are more commonly prescribed by physicians as they have a wide safety margin Barbiturates lead to more serious side effects with increased duration of effects Enhanced symptoms when combined with alcohol Death is usual due to respiratory depression or arrest
52
Depressant Withdrawal:Signs and Symptoms
Agitation; muscular weakness; diaphoresis; delirium; hallucinations, convulsions; anxiety, hypertension, tachycardia, hyperthermia and tremors. Withdrawal occurs with abrupt discontinuation of BZ especially if the patient has been taking them for a long time (months to years)
53
Benzodiazepine ANITDOTE
Fumazenil (Anexate) is the direct antidote which may be used to reverse the acute sedative effects of benzodiazepines Flumazenil antagonizes the action of BZ by directly competing at the receptor site in the CNS Because Flumazenil has a higher affinity at the receptor, it knocks the BZ off, which allows it to bind to the receptor thereby reversing the sedative effect
54
ALCOHOL
``` AKA ethanol (ETOH) Causes CNS depression as well as respiratory depression with large consumption ```
55
Ethanol:Drug Effects
Causes CNS depression Respiratory depression Vasodilation, producing warm, flushed skin Diuretic effect Hypotension Cardiac arrhythmias (high amounts) It is rapidly absorbed producing peak effects in 30-60 minutes Widely distributed in body water to all body organs Metabolized in the liver ****Inhibits ADH (antidiuretic hormone) thereby producing diuresis *********
56
Effects of Chronic Ethanol Ingestion
Nutritional and vitamin deficiencies (especially B vitamins) Wernicke’s encephalopathy Korsakoff’s psychosis Polyneuritis Seizures, mental disorders, confusion, stupor Alcoholic hepatitis, progressing to cirrhosis Can lead to fatalities
57
Ethanol Withdrawal
``` Hypertension Tachycardia Hyperthermia Cardiac arrhythmia Diaphoresis Tremors (severe withdrawal can lead to seizures) Agitation -irritability Confusion ```
58
Ethanol Withdrawal Treatment
``` Initial treatment with glucose Thiamine (prevents encephalopathy, seizures) Narcan (helps stimulate respiration) Diazepam (Valium) or Lorazepam (Ativan) Dosage and frequency depends on severity For severe withdrawal, monitoring in an intensive care unit is recommended Disulfiram (Antabuse) – selective use Counseling Individual Alcoholics Anonymous ```
59
NICOTINE
Releases epinephrine that creates physiologic stress rather than relaxation
60
Nicotine: Drug Effects
Increased heart rate and BP (due to cardiac stimulation) Increased gastric activity (vomiting) Rapidly absorbed by all routes Highly metabolized and excreted in the urine
61
Nicotine Withdrawal
Manifested by cigarette craving Irritability, restlessness, decreased heart rate and BP Cardiac symptoms resolve in 3 to 4 weeks, but craving may persist for months or years It is during this phase that people generally go back to smoking because of the intense cravings Bupropion (Zyban) may be prescribed to aid in smoking cessation
62
stimulation of the SNS may result in
elevated values for vital signs and use of analgesics will depress vital signs because of CNS depressive effects.
63
acetaminophen poising
rapid weak pulse, dyspnea, cold and clammy
64
salicylate intox
^ HR , tinnitus, headache, nausea,

pnm- pharm (19 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions