Week 7 - Dermatology Flashcards

Question

What are some ACTIVE INGREDIENTS/AGENTS

Answer 1

Antibacterial Antifungal Antiparasitic Keratomodulating (antiseborrheic) Antipruritic Anti-inflammatory Moisturizing AND MORE

Answer 2

-treat pathogenic bacteria * Chlorhexidine * Benzoyl peroxide * Ethyl lactate * Mupirocin * Silver sulfadiazine * Combo antibiotic products * Sodium hypochlorite (bleach) * Povidone-iodine * Coal tar * Boric acid * Acetic acid

Answer 3

-Treat pathogenic fungal organisms * Imidazoles * Nystatin * Thiabendazole * Terbinafine * Selenium sulfide ■ Typically used for Malassezia dermatitis and dermatophytosis – Not all agents active against both ■ Some antibacterial agents also have antifungal properties – Chlorhexidine, povidone-iodine, silver sulfadiazine, etc.

Answer 4

-Treat skin parasites ■ Lime Sulfur ■ Amitraz ■ Imidacloprid ■ Selamectin

Answer 5

-KERATOLYTIC (remove excess scale (dandruff)) * Decrease cohesion between keratinocytes, increasing desquamation -KERATOPLASTIC (reduce scale production) * Decrease mitotic rates of basal keratinocytes, normalizing epidermal turnover rate -Some keratomodulating agents are “anti-seborrheic” * Anti-seborrheic agents - “degreasing” by inhibiting/reducing sebum production and clearing glandular ducts

Answer 6

-reduce inflammation -usually think steroids, but other agents have anti-inflammatory properties too * Higher the potency/concentration/volume/frequency of application of the topical steroid, higher the risk of side effects * Side effects can be local or systemic (iatrogenic hyperadrenocorticism if excessive percutaneous absorption or ingested) * Skin atrophy with prominent dermal vasculature * Scaling * Alopecia * Comedones (blackheads) * Milia (whiteheads) * Pyoderma * Demodicosis

Answer 7

-Increase epidermal hydration -moisturizers decrease transepidermal water loss (TEWL) by replenishing intercellular lipids ("mortar”, “cement”) and increasing corneocyte water retention capacity * EMOLLIENTS – usually lipid-based -improve skin barrier function, cell membrane fluidity, and keratinocyte cell-signaling - Examples: ceramides, essential fatty acids, cholesterol, etc. * HUMECTANTS – non-oily, hygroscopic agents -Bind to corneocytes and attract water (from dermis and/or environment) -Examples: glycerin, sorbitol, urea, propylene glycol, lactic acid, amino acids, etc.

Answer 8

-They're drying agents ■ Precipitate proteins on skin surface ■ Decrease exudation by constricting superficial blood vessels ■ Useful in exudative dermatoses ■ Generally do not penetrate deeply

Answer 9

Antibacterial, antifungal* (at 3% or greater) ■ Antibacterial at any concentration ■ *Antifungal (anti-yeast) at 3% concentration or greater – Not effective for dermatophytes as sole topical agent ■ Fast-acting (efficacy within 20-30 seconds) and residual activity (~48 hours) ■ Indications: superficial pyoderma, Malassezia dermatitis – Often used once daily for treatment, then once to twice weekly for maintenance ■ 4% or less usually non-irritating ■ Can delay healing of granulation tissue ■ Toxic to the cornea – Use very dilute products

Answer 10

-Antibacterial, keratolytic, degreasing ■ Breaks down keratin – unclogs hair follicles and allows better sebum flow ■ May have some residual activity (up to 48 hours) ■ Comes in gel (human products - range from 2.5 - 10%) and shampoo (2.5%) – Usually applied once to twice daily

Answer 11

-antibacterial, astringent -■ Breaks down to lactic acid and ethanol (both antibacterial) ■ Common veterinary product = BioSeb mousse and shampoo (10% ethyllactate) – Usually well-tolerated – good option if not tolerating chlorhexidine-based products – Low residual activity ■ Indications: superficial pyoderma

Answer 12

-Antibacterial, antifungal ■ Action is thought to be due to liberation of hypochlorous acid ■ Bactericidal, fungicidal, sporicidal, & virucidal – Most commonly used for generalized, resistant superficial pyoderma (MRSP) ■ Standard bleach products between 5.25% - 8.25% - dilute 1:10 to 1:20 with water – SPOT-TEST – ensure no severe irritation prior to soaking the pet ■ Presence of organic debris reduces antimicrobial activity ■ Shampoos with sodium hypochlorite

Answer 13

-topical antibiotic ■ Antibiotic in its own class – Unique MOA limits cross-resistance with other antibiotics ■ Mostly gram-positive activity – Very minimal gram-negative activity ■ Excellent for (focal) resistant Staph pyoderma * Available as brand-name and generic ointment/cream (2%) * Great for focal lesions * Usually applied twice daily * Excellent skin penetration

Answer 14

-Antibacterial, antifungal -■ Sulfa-derived antibiotic with silver – Damages cell membrane and cell walls ■ Extensive broad-spectrum activity – Gram+ and gram- bacteria, yeast – Very useful for Pseudomonas aeruginosa infections (0.1 – 1% concentrations) * May enhance re-epithelialization, but can inhibit granulation and wound contracture * Commonly used for burns and shallow wounds * Avoid in dogs with potential sulfa-drug sensitivities * Available in skin cream and otic medication - Usually applied once to twice daily

Answer 15

-Antifungal -■ impair fungal cell membranes ■ Examples: Miconazole, Ketoconazole, Clotrimazole, Climbazole, Posaconazole ■ Synergistic with chlorhexidine ■ Formulated in many otic products, shampoos, mousses, etc. ■ Indications: Dermatophytosis, Malassezia dermatitis

Answer 16

-Antifungal, Antiparasitic, keratolytic, keratoplastic -DOES NOT treat demoted or fleas ■ Mixture of calcium and sulfur ■ Safe to use in basically any pet ■ Available in rinses/dips ■ Indications: dermatophytosis (most common), but can also be used for most ectoparasites * For dermatophytosis: * Good option in cat shelters * Used every 5-7 days (need to bathe first) * Do NOT rinse off after use CAUTION/CONS: ■ Stains skin, hair, fabric, any porous surface (jewelry, countertops, etc.) YELLOW-GREEN > Wear gloves, take off jewelry, don’t let pet roam ■ Can cause skin irritation and excessive dryness ■ Can cause mucous membrane ulcers – Avoid the eyes and mouth! – Prevent grooming post-rinse! ■ Smells terrible – use only in well-ventilated areas

Answer 17

-Antibacterial, antifungal, anti-biofilm ■ De-stabilizes bacterial/yeast cell walls and biofilms by chelating metal ions ■ Alkalinizing (pH ~ 8) – potentiates efficacy of several antibiotics ■ Synergistic with chlorhexidine * Inhibits ulcerative bacterial enzymes * Considered safe for the middle ear * Used as buffer in many ear cleaners, shampoos, sprays, etc.

Answer 18

-Antipruritic, humectant, mildly anti-inflammatory ■ Contains high concentrations of starches and beta-glucan (polysaccharides) > bind to corneocytes and retain water (humectant) ■ Inhibit production of pro-inflammatory cytokines (anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, antipruritic) ■ Present in several veterinary shampoos and sprays ■ Indications: maintenance topical for allergic dermatitis; seborrhea sicca

Answer 19

-Emollients, anti-inflammatory ■ Essential fatty acids (EFAs) -Improve skin barrier -Examples: omega-6’s (gamma-linoleic acid, etc.) and omega-3’s (EPA, DHA, etc.) ■ Ceramides – specific form of fatty acids – Make up 50% of the corneocyte lipid envelope – vital for healthy skin barrier – Phytosphingosine, ophytrium - most common ceramide in topical products

Answer 20

Keratolytic, keratoplastic, humectant, astringent, bacteriostatic, ceruminolytic ■ Increases ability of corneocytes to absorb water (humectant) while drying out the skin surface (astringent) ■ Promotes desquamation (keratolytic) ■ Indications: excessive scale – May be less drying than chlorhexidine

Answer 21

Ctenocephalides felis felis * Commonly called Cat Flea * The MOST common type of flea in small animals -92% prevalence in dogs, 97% prevalence in cats * Found worldwide * Can live on a wide range of mammals

Answer 22

Ctenocephalides canis * Dog Flea * Less common in dogs than C. felis * May see more C. canis in kenneled working dogs * Wide geographic distribution * Has a similar life cycle to C. felis * Treat the same way you would C. felis

Answer 23

POULTRY and DOGS * Found most commonly on domestic poultry * Can also be found on other species * Found primarily in tropical regions * Female fleas burrow into areas of bare skin and attach themselves

Answer 24

Adult Egg First stage larva Second stage larva Third stage larva Pupa Adult

Answer 25

* Can lay 40-50 eggs per day * Eggs are not sticky * Fall off host into environment * Development is dependent on ambient temperature & relative humidity * Usually hatch within 2-5 days

Answer 26

* 3 stages * Molt in between stages * Each stage lasts 5-11 days * Feed on organic matter, flea feces and dried blood * Negatively phototactic, positively geotactic --away from light, likes gravity * Most likely to be found in carpet, cracks in floor, under baseboards, etc

Answer 27

flea allergic dermatitis * Hypersensitivity to flea saliva, must have flea bite to initiate reaction * More hypersensitive animal, fewer bites needed for reaction * May not see fleas or flea dirt * Important consider as part of allergy management

Answer 28

* Any age, breed can be affected * Seasonal or nonseasonal * Clinical signs noted on caudal half * pruritus, erythema, papules, alopecia * May have secondary pyoderma

Answer 29

* Any age, any breed can be affected * Seasonal or nonseasonal * Clinical signs may be anywhere * Especially head & neck * Pruritus, erythema, alopecia, plaques, miliary dermatitis * Cannot distinguish between allergic dermatitis based on location of itch

Answer 30

* History * Flea Comb -If you find flea dirt, there are adults -Collect on paper towel and dampen- turns red/brown * Location of itch -Often focused at tail head * Treatment Trial

Answer 31

* Control the life cycle! * All animals must be on excellent flea control * May have concurrent food or environmental allergies

Answer 32

-FOCUS ON: preventing larvae or pupae from becoming adults -2 types --Juvenile Hormone Analog --Chitin Synthesis Inhibitor * Methoprene - Frontline Plus® * Pyriproxyfen - Nylar®, Advantage II®, Advantix II®, Vectra 3D * Lufenuron - Program®/Sentinel®, Novartis

Answer 33

* Kills adults, prevent them from further laying eggs --Kill female within 24-48 hours * By preventing females from laying eggs, you disrupt the life cycle

Answer 34

* The more the animal gets wet, the less effective any topical * Most topicals have about the same speed of kill * Avoid pyrethroid/pyrethrin products in felids --Toxic - can cause severe neurologic signs & death --Ex: permethrin --Exception: Flumethrin (ie in Seresto collars)

Answer 35

* Selamectin activates glutamate gated chloride channels * Kills flea adults, Otodectes, Sarcoptes Notoedres, Cheyletiella, internal parasites, some ticks * >8 weeks of age * Selamectin alone * Safe for rodents, rabbits,

Answer 36

* Binds GABA receptors & blocks transfer of chloride ions * Uncontrolled stimulation of CNS & death * Kills fleas, ticks and lice * Frontline Plus also has s-Methoprene * >8 weeks of age * Do NOT use in rabbits or hedgehogs

Answer 37

* Binds post synaptic nicotinic receptor- blocks impulse transmission * Kills fleas, Heartworm, intestinal parasites, and Otodectes cynotis (in cats) * Canine and feline demodicosis * Useful with concurrent CNS disease * >7 weeks of age * Don’t use in birds – moxidectin is ok but imidacloprid is toxic in avians

Answer 38

* Bravecto topical for cats * Can also use canine oral Bravecto in cats, but must change dose * Also lasts 3 months as in dogs * Well tolerated * >6 months of age * Now have Bravecto Plus

Answer 39

* Are quicker to kill fleas * Often easier to administer * Many should be given with a meal * Often flavored

Answer 40

* Inhibits GABA gated chloride ion channels -Blocks pre and post synaptic transfer of ions * Results in prolonged hyperexcitation and death of insects and acarines * CNS signs have been reported (ataxia, tremors, seizures) -Resolve within 24 hours

Answer 41

* Oral chewable * Kills fleas and ticks * Effective (but not yet approved) against Demodex and scabies * >8 weeks of age * Soy protein * Avoid in animals with a history of seizures

Answer 42

* Oral chewable or topical * Kills fleas and ticks * Lone Star Tick up to 8 weeks * Effective (but not yet approved) against Demodex and scabies * >6 months of age* * Hydrolyzed pork * Avoid in animals with a history of seizures

Answer 43

* Oral chew for fleas and ticks * Effective (but not yet approved) against scabies, Demodex, and Otodectes cynotis * >6 months * Chicken liver flavor * Simparica Trio is now available – added heartworm preventative * Avoid in animals with seizures * Revolution Plus for cats now contains sarolaner

Answer 44

* Oral chewable * Kills fleas and ticks * Effective (but not yet approved) against Demodex and scabies * >8 weeks of age * Pork liver and soy * Avoid in animals with a history of seizures

Answer 45

* Activates nicotinic acetylcholine receptors * Once monthly chewable * >8 weeks * Pork liver and soy * Do not give with daily ivermectin

Answer 46

* Milbemycin binds glutamate gated chloride channels * Kills heartworm, fleas, intestinal worms * Once monthly chewable * >8 weeks of age * Pork and soy * Avoid giving in combination with ivermectin

Answer 47

* Acts on postsynaptic nicotinic acetylcholine receptor * Paralysis, hyperexcitability and death * kills adult fleas; 100 % within 6 hours * Can be given orally every 24-72 hours * >4 weeks of age

Answer 48

* Vacuum and throw bag away * Avoid steam cleaning carpet or cloth -Kills larva but raises humidity for future generations * If severe infestation, hire professional exterminators * “Flea bombs” are of little benefit * By treating the animal, you will help treat the environment

Week 7 - Dermatology Flashcards

(74 cards)