Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Fall 2023 Physical Agents > Week 7 Electrical Stimulation for Pain Control > Flashcards

Week 7 Electrical Stimulation for Pain Control Flashcards

1
Q

Acute Pain

A
  • Results from injury and/or disease causing potential or real tissue damage
  • Typically lasting less than 3 months
  • Superficial vs. deep tissue pain
  • Biologically meaningful
  • Associated with measurable changes
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Chronic Pain

A
  • Begins as acute pain becomes persistent or recurrent
  • Persists beyond normal tissue healing time
  • Associated with structural and functional changes in central nervous system (CNS)
  • Often requires multi-modal approach
  • Central sensitization
  • Not as biologically meaningful as acute pain
  • Associated with psychosocial issues
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What is referred Pain

A
  • Pain at site remote from source
  • Convergence of various nociceptors on spinal nerve root
  • Central Interpretation of afferent input
  • Response how nociceptors from a variety of sources like cutaneous, visceral, and skeletal converge or meet at the spinal nerve root and how the brain interprets the inputs
    –> Can have the source of pain in 1 area and referred pain is felt at a site away from that site of origin
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Peripheral Pain Pathway what’s happening?

A
  • Peripheral Sensitization
    -A delta and C fibers as nociceptors
  • A delta are small myelinated: response to mechanical and thermal stimuli—> sharp, stabbing, prickling(short lasting)
  • C fibers small unmyelinated: response has a broad range of stimuli–> dull, aching, burning (longer lasting)
  • Under normal conditions they have a high threshold for activation—-> what happens after injury is that the threshold is lowered by chemicals released at the site of injury —> so more likely to fire or be set off by injury
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Central Pain Pathway

A
  • Two types of second order neurons
    1. High threshold neurons: nociceptive specific receiving input from peripheral nociceptors only
    2. Wide dynamic range neurons: receive input from nociceptive and non-nociceptive primary afferent fibers
    –> both types become sensitized after injury
    —> central sensitization results in:
  • increased responsiveness to noxious and non-noxious stimuli
  • increase in receptive field
  • Decrease activation thresholds
  • A delta and C fibers or motor neurons make direct or indirect synapses with second order neurons and spinal cord through interneurons—–> second order neurons transmit information to higher centers of the brain —–> second order neurons become sensitized the result is named central sensitization
  • Responds to noxious and non noxious stimuli with increased response
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

TENS treats

A

Pain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

TENS Theories

A
  1. Gat Control Theory: Selective stimulation of large diameter A-beta sensory nerve fibers block noxious afferent input from smaller-diameter unmyelinated nociceptive C fibers and small myelinated A-delta fibers-
  2. Main Mechanisms of action: Activation of peripheral opioid receptors/ Activation of central opioid receptors
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Common Waveforms

A
  1. Biphasic symmetrical or balanced asymmetrical pulsed current
  2. Hi-volt pulsed current
  3. Burst modulating alternating current
  4. Amplitude modulating alternating current: Interferential current
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Pulse Frequency =

A

Number of pulses per second Hz

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Pulse Duration=

A

Length of time one pulse lasts
- microseconds

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Amplitude (intensity)

A

Magnitude of current or voltage

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Conventional/High rate TENS=

A

High frequency/low intensity
- Sensory only no motor response; activates A beta afferent fibers
- Feel buzzing/tingling
-Waveform= mono phasic pulsed or biphasic pulsed
- Frequency= 80-110 Hz or pps
- Intensity= as high as patient can tolerate without muscle contraction
- Pulse duration= 50-100 microseconds

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Acupuncture/ Low rate TENS =

A

Low frequency/high intensity
- Beta A and Alpha motor neurons leading to rhythmic muscle twitching
- Feel prickling or stinging
- Visible motor response
- waveform= monophasic pulsed or biphasic pulsed
- Frequency= Low 10Hz or 1-10 Hz
- Intensity= high enough to provoke visble muscle contraction
- Pulse duration= long 150-200 microseconds

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Burst TENS

A
  • frequency= usually present in unit
  • Pulse Duration= 150-200 microseconds
  • Amplitude= motor level; visible contraction
  • Treatment time= 30 minutes or less
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What is the treatment time for all TENS?

A

30 minutes or less
To long of a duration can cause DOMS

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Inferential Current for Pain Modulation

A
  • 2 interfering medium frequency alternating currents intersecting to yield a single treatment
  • requires 2 channels 4 electrodes to complete single treatment X pattern
  • Pulse duration cannot be set changes inversely with the carrier frequency
  • ## Time= 10-20 minutes
17
Q

Constructive interference for ICF current=

A

amplitudes of the 2 currents are in synch and will sum together

18
Q

Destructive interference for ICF current=

A

amplitudes of the 2 currents are out of sync and will cancel each other out

19
Q

Amplitude modulation for ICF current=

A

amplitude of the current increases and decreases as the 2 waves are in and out of sync creating

20
Q

Sweep ICF current

A

Modulations of the beat frequency
- To allow low and high frequency stimulation within same treatment
- device specific

21
Q

Swing ICF current

A
  • Characteristic of sweep; can set the beat frequency to just go from min to mac or move continuously through the range of min and max
22
Q

Vector scan ICF current

A
  • Amplitude modulation of input currents
  • Increases the area of the interference pattern
  • Provides simulation to a greater tissue area
23
Q

Contraindications and Precautions for TENS

A

-over pregnant uterus, abdomen or lower back in pregnancy
- electrical implants
- cartid sinus, eyes, internally or on reproductive organs
- over damaged skin
- Thrombosis
Thrombophlebitis
- Hemorrhage
- Over malignant tumors
-undiganosed pain
- Painets with impaired sensation or cognitive ability and others
- Do not use stimulated muscle contractionns for pain control as with low rate TENS when muscle contractions may disrupt healing

24
Q

Evidence of TENS for ……

A

Acute Pain= clinically significant reduction in pain severity for patients with moderate to severe acute pain and reduction of anxiety related pain/ Helps with post operative pain significantly reducing analgesic medication intake
- Chronic Pain= active TENS helped reduce pain/ ICF helped reduce pain intensity and pain scores with chronic knee OA / helped reduce pain with diabetic neuropathy

25
Q

True/False ES facilitates wound healing

A

True

25
Q

Galvanotaxis do what for the mechanisms of ES for wound healing

A

-They attract the appropriate cell types
Galvanotaxis bring the right cells to help with healing
- Increases protein synthesis
-Promoting circulation/ oxygenation
- Reducing edema
- enhancing antimicrobial activity
- reducing edema
- Modifying endogenous tissue electrical potential
- Activating cells by alternating cell membrane function

26
Q

ES Inflammatory Phase/Infected Tissue healing Parameters

A

Waveform= HVPC
Polarity= Negative
Pulse Frequency= 60-125pps
Pulse Duration= usually preset for HPVC at 40-100microseconds
Amplitude= to produce comfortable tingling
Treatment Time= 45-60 minutes

27
Q

ES Proliferation phase/clean Tissue healing parameters

A

Waveform= HVPC
Polarity= Positive
Pulse Frequency= 60-125pps
Pulse duration= Usually preset for HVPC at 40-100 microseconds
Amplitude= to produce comfortable tingling
Treatment time= 45-60 minutes

28
Q

True/ False you do not treat edema with systemic cause with electrical stimulation

A

True you do not treat edema wit systemic cause with ES because it can push the fluid to places where it can’t leave from already especially if the person has heart, liver, or kidney failure

Use ES to treat edema locally caused by inflammation or lack of motion

29
Q

ES Parameters for Treating edema due to inflammation

A

Waveform= HVPC
Electrode placement= Negative polarity over area of edema dispersive electrode over large flat area
Pulse Duration= Fixed 40-100 microseconds
Polarity= negative over area of edema
Frequency= 100-120 pps
Amplitude= comfortable sensory
Treatment time= 20-30 minutes per session

30
Q

ES parameter for treating edema due to lack of muscle contraction

A

Waveform= pulse biphasic or Russian protocol
Electrode placement= on muscle around main veins draining the area
Pulse Duration= Fixed 150-350 microseconds
ON: OFF time= 1-22 sec on : 1-2 sec off
Frequency= 100-120pps
Amplitude= To produce small visible muscle contraction
Treatment time= 20-30 minutes per session

31
Q
A

Fall 2023 Physical Agents (7 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions