Week 7 notes

Question 1

Most animals have a smooth, bean-shaped kidneys except? what do they look like?

Answer 1

Horses right kidney is heart shaped and bovine kidneys are lobular

Question 2

Pigments that give color to urine are called?

Answer 2

urochromes

Question 3

what is pollakiuria?

Answer 3

an increase in the frequency of urination

Question 4

what is oliguria?

Answer 4

decrease in the volume of urine production

Question 5

what are the different ways of collecting urine?

Answer 5

Voided or free catch, catheterization, cystocentesis, manual expression, or from a surface

Question 6

What is isosthenuria?

Answer 6

when the urine specific gravity approaches that of the glomerular filtrate.

Question 7

what are the physical properties of urine?

Answer 7

volume, color, odor, turbidity, and specific gravity

Question 8

what is polyuria?

Answer 8

increase in the total volume of urine produced

Question 9

what type of crystals are seen in the urine of horses and rabbits?

Answer 9

calcium carbonate crystals

Question 10

what is urolithiasis?

Answer 10

the presence of stones in the urinary tract

Question 11

what three types of epithelial cells are found in urinary sediment?

Answer 11

squamous, transitional, and renal

Question 12

squamous cells originate in what 5 places?

Answer 12

distal urethra, vulva, vagina, prepuce, or voided samples

Question 13

in concentrated urine, erythrocytes will what?

Answer 13

shrink and crenate

Question 14

what are ghost cells?

Answer 14

lysed RBC’s, colorless rings.

Question 15

where do transitional epithelial cells originate from?

Answer 15

bladder, ureters, renal pelvis, and proximal urethra

Question 16

what is the urinary crystal most commonly associated with ethylene glycol poisoning?

Answer 16

calcium oxalate monohydrate

Question 17

Glucose in the urine is called?

Answer 17

glucosuria or glycosuria

Question 18

what is the renal threshold?

Answer 18

the specific limit for the reabsorption of specific substances by the nephron

Question 19

how do you stimulate the following animals to urinate: dog, cat, cattle, sheep, horse?

Answer 19

dog- the scent of other dogs, cat-nonabsorbent granules in the litter box, cattle- rub straw or hand ventral to vulva in a circular fashion, sheep- occlude nostrils, horses- warm cloth rubbed on ventral abdomen or clean the stall

Question 20

you should microscopically analyze urine within ?

Answer 20

30 mins to 1 hour

Question 21

for chemistry you can refrigerate urine up to _______ but less than ______ is best?

Answer 21

6-24 hours, 12

Question 22

what are the different ways of preserving urine?

Answer 22

1 gt of 40% formalin per 1oz urine, enough toluene to form a layer on top of the sample, 1 thymol crystal, or 1 part 5% phenol to 9 parts urine

Question 23

what equipment is needed for urinalysis?

Answer 23

pipettes, conical tubes, centrifuge, refractometer, chemical testing supplies, microscope slides and coverslips, and microscope.

Question 24

What factors affect urine output?

Answer 24

fluid intake, external losses, temperature, humidity, food, activity, size, and species

Question 25

what is the normal daily urine output for dogs, cats, horses, and cattle in mL/kg?

Answer 25

dog and cat- 20-40, horses- 3-18, and cattle- 17-45

Question 26

what does urine look like with polyuria?

Answer 26

usually pale and a low SG

Question 27

what does urine look like with oliguria?

Answer 27

very concentrated with a high SG

Question 28

What conditions is polyuria seen with?

Answer 28

nephritis, diabetes mellitus, diabetes insipidus, pyometra, liver disease, and certain medications

Question 29

what conditions is oliguria seen with?

Answer 29

restricted access to water, environmental temperature increase, acute nephritis, fever, shock, heart disease, and dehydration

Question 30

what conditions is anuria seen with?

Answer 30

urethral obstruction, urinary bladder rupture, renal shutdown

Question 31

what are the different colors of urine and what do they mean?

Answer 31

light yellow to amber (normal), darker yellow (concentrated), lighter color (less concentrated), yellow-brown or green (bile pigments), or red or brownish (RBC's or hemoglobin), orange(drugs), brown (myoglobin)

Question 32

In most species urine is what turbidity?

Answer 32

clear

Question 33

what is the turbidity of horses and rabbits urine?

Answer 33

horses have cloudy urine, rabbits have milky urine

Question 34

how do you check clarity of urine?

Answer 34

observe against a letter print background

Question 35

how is turbidity noted as?

Answer 35

clear, slightly cloudy, cloudy, or turbid/flocculent

Question 36

concentrated dog urine has what odor?

Answer 36

a 'chicken soup' odor

Question 37

why would urine have an ammonia odor?

Answer 37

cystitis, or sample was left out too long

Question 38

why would urine have a sweet or acetone odor?

Answer 38

keytones

Question 39

what is specific gravity?

Answer 39

weight of a liquid compared to distilled water

Question 40

what is the normal SG range for the dog, cat, horse and cattle?

Answer 40

dog: 1.001-1.060, cat: 1.001-1.080, horse: 1.020-1.050, cattle: 1.005-1.040

Question 41

what are some reasons for SG increase?

Answer 41

decrease in water intake, fluid loss, increased excretion of solutes, acute renal failure, dehydration or shock

Question 42

what are some reasons for SG decrease?

Answer 42

pyometra, diabetes insipidus, liver, renal disease

Question 43

what are the common things that urine test strips test?

Answer 43

pH, protein, glucose, ketones, blood, bilirubin

Question 44

Urine pH can be affected by?

Answer 44

diet, stress, fever, starvation, drugs, urine retention and UTI with urease bacteria

Question 45

what are the three ways to measure protein in urine?

Answer 45

reagent strips, sulfosalicylic acid turbidity test, or urine protein/creatinine ratio

Question 46

hematuria causes urine color to turn?

Answer 46

cloudy, red, brown or wine colored

Question 47

Urine sediment normally includes?

Answer 47

FEW: epithelial cells, mucus threads, RBC's, WBC's, casts ,crystals, fat droplets, sperm

Question 48

Abnormal urine sediment includes:

Answer 48

More than a few: RBC's, WBC's, casts and crystals

Question 49

how do you separate urine sediment?

Answer 49

1. centrifuge urine for 3-5 min at 1,000-2,000 rpm, (5-10 mL of sample is best) 2. Supernatant is poured or pipetted off, leaving approx. 0.5 mL in tube 3. remix by flicking tube

Question 50

Answer 50

RBC cast

Question 51

Answer 51

calcium carbonate crystals

Question 52

Answer 52

Uric Acid crystals

Question 53

Answer 53

Struvite Crystals, triple phosphate crystals

Question 54

Answer 54

tyrosine crystal

Question 55

Answer 55

calcium oxalate dihydrate crystals

Question 56

Answer 56

calcium oxalate monohydrate crystals

Question 57

Question 58

crystalluria is often:

Question 59

when is sulfosalicylic acid turbidity test required?

Answer 59

because protein is high