Week 7 - Urinary System And The Male Genital Tract Flashcards
(51 cards)
What is bacteruria?
Bacteria in the urine
May be asymptomatic or symptomatic
What is a urinary tract infection?
The presence of pure growth of >10^5 organisms in fresh urine
What is a UTI in the urethra called?
Urethritis
What is a UTI in the bladder called and what are the symptoms?
Cystitis
Symptoms: frequency, dysuria, urgency, haematuria, suprapubic pain
What is a UTI in the prostate called and what are the symptoms?
Prostatitis
Symptoms: flu-like symptoms, few urinary symptoms, swollen tender prostate on PR
What is a UTI in the kidney called and what are the symptoms?
Pyelonephritis
Symptoms: high fever, rigours, vomiting, loin pain, tenderness
What organism is the most common cause of UTI’s (>70%)?
E.coli
What organisms may cause UTI’s?
E.coli
Staphylococcus, proteus, klebsiella
How do you manage UTI’s?
- plenty of fluids
- urinate often - double void
- antibiotics (trimethoprim usually first line treatment in uncomplicated UTI’s)
- imaging (US in non resolving UTI’s, children, men and pyelonephritis)
- severe cases - hospital admission (pyelonephritis and elderly)
What does the hormone renin do?
Help to control BP
What does the hormone erythropoietin do?
- stimulates production of RBC’s in the bone marrow
- helps vitamin D production
What toxic metabolic waste products do the kidneys excrete?
Urea
Creatinine
What are the 2 types of renal failure?
Acute
Chronic
What is acute renal failure?
- a significant deterioration in renal function occurring over hours/days
- low urine volume (
What can cause acute renal failure?
Pre-renal (80% causes) - hypoperfusion (shock), sepsis
Renal - ATN damage to tubules due to ischaemia or nephrotoxins
Post-renal - renal tract obstruction (e.g. stones, tumours)
How is acute renal failure managed?
- find and treat cause
- treat exacerbating factors (hypovolaemia,sepsis)
- stop nephrotoxic drugs (NSAIDs, ACE-I’s, gentamycin, vancomycin)
- may need renal replacement therapy (haemofiltration/ dialysis)
What is chronic renal failure?
- classified in to 5 stages - depending on glomerular filtration rate (GFR) - vol of fluid filtered from the glomerular capillaries into the Bowman’s capsule per unit time
- symptoms usually occur by stage 4
What are the common causes of chronic renal failure?
Glomerulonephritis, diabetes, Reno-vascular disease, hypertension, polycystic disease
What is glomerulonephritis?
- a group of disorders where there is damage to the glomerular filtration apparatus
- may cause a leak of protein or blood into the urine
- usually there is a deposition of immune complexes in one part of the nephron
What are renal stones?
-crystal aggregates that form in the collecting ducts of kidneys and can deposit anywhere in the renal tract
- life time incidence - 15%
- peak age - 20-40 yrs
- male:female - 3:1
What are the risk factors for renal stones?
- Dehydration, dietary factors
- drugs (loop diuretics, antacids, corticosteroids, theophylline and aspirin)
- renal tract abnormalities
- recurrent UTIs
- metabolic abnormalities (hyperparathyroidism, hyperthyroidism, cancer)
how may kidney stones be detected?
-may be asymptomatic but might be detected on and X-ray or blood on a dipstick
- pain - cause loin pain
- ureteric stones cause renal colic (from loin to groin)
- bladder and urethral stones cause pain on micturition with interrupted flow
- often can’t lie still from the pain
How are renal stones managed?
- imaging options - KUB- X-ray or CT scan
- pain relief
- stones 5mm and causing obstruction - intervention
What is renal cell carcinoma?
- 85% of all renal cancers
- usually presents between the ages of 50-70
- 2:1 male predominance
-risk factors: smoking, obesity, hypertension, asbestos exposure, certain hereditary conditions
