Week 7: Vocab

Question 1

Amino Acid

Answer 1

A subunit of protein

Question 2

Gene

Answer 2

Hereditary unit of DNA

Question 3

Panagenesis

Answer 3

The idea that each part of the body produced a characteristic seed that travelled to reproductive organs

Question 4

Allele

Answer 4

A different form of a gene

Question 5

Monohybrid

Answer 5

A type of cross (mating) in which scientists pay attention to one trait at a time

Question 6

Replication

Answer 6

The process where the double helix of DNA unzips and a new strand forms

Question 7

DNA

Answer 7

A type of nucleic acid located in the cell nucleus

The genetic material that genes are made of

Question 8

Mutation

Answer 8

A change in DNA

Occurs through: point, deletion, duplication, inversion and translocation

Question 9

RNA

Answer 9

Forms ribosomes

Question 10

Dominant

Answer 10

A trait that is seen when one allele is present

Question 11

Recessive

Answer 11

A trait that is not seen when only one allele is present

Question 12

Nucleotide

Answer 12

A subunit of a DNA molecule

Question 13

Trait

Answer 13

A characteristic

Question 14

Sickle Cell

Answer 14

A type of abnormal red blood cell

Question 15

P. falciparum

Answer 15

Protozoan that destroys red blood cells

Question 16

Sickle Cell Disease

Answer 16

An inherited genetic disorder where red blood cells get sickle (get shaped like a sickle) easily

Question 17

What is the function of hemoglobin in your body?

Answer 17

To carry oxygen in red blood cells

Question 18

Sickle cell disease is the result of defective Hemoglobin proteins (HbS rather than the normal HbA). What causes HbS to appear in a person?

Answer 18

HbS forms long filaments when oxygen levels are low, which deforms the cells

Question 19

A person can be a “carrier” of sickle cell but not have the disease. How is this possible?

Answer 19

This is because the sickle cell trait is inherited, if an individual inherits one normal gene and one sickle gene, they are only a carrier

Question 20

Why do some groups of people in Africa have a relatively high percentage of individuals with sickle cell disease?

Answer 20

This is because it is an evolutionary trait that they developed in response to malaria

Question 21

In electrophoresis which type of molecules will move the farthest from the well?

Answer 21

The smaller DNA segments

Question 22

Why do molecules move through the gel in electrophoresis?

Answer 22

Because the gel is negatively charged so the DNA will migrate towards the positively charged end.

Question 23

If pangenesis was how inheritance worked, and you crossed a white flower with a red flower, what colour would the offspring be?

Answer 23

It would be pink because it would take the white colour and red colour “seed” from each flower and blend this characteristic in the offspring

Question 24

Mendel’s Rules

Answer 24

1. Genes can come in more than one form (allele)

Ex. gene for hemoglobin can be a normal or sickle cell allele, which encodes for HbA or HbS, a pea flower colour gene can be either a purple or white allele

Question 25

Mendel’s Rules

Answer 25

2. The alleles of a gene sort individually into gametes during meiosis

Ex. a person who is a carrier of sickle cell disease will make gametes and 50% will have normal hemoglobin allele while the other 50% will have the sickle cell allele, a pea with a purple allele and white allele would produce gametes each possessing each of these alleles

Question 26

Mendel’s Rules

Answer 26

A trait is exhibited as dominant or recessive

Ex. pea flower colour is a trait that exhibits dominant/recessive relationship between the purple and white alleles. Purple is the dominant trait (the one seen when both alleles appear together). When purple and white are present together, the two different alleles produce a flower as purple as one developed by a plant with two purple alleles because white is not seen (recessive trait)

Question 27

The presence of horns on Hereford cattle is controlled by a single gene. The hornless condition (H) is dominant over the horned (h) condition. A hornless cow was crossed repeatedly with the same horned bull. The following results were obtained in the offspring:
8 hornless calves
7 horned calves
What are the alleles of the parents?

Answer 27

Hh

Question 28

In human beings, brown eyes are dominant over blue eyes. Suppose a blue-eyed man marries a brown-eyed woman whose father was blue-eyed. What proportion of their children would you predict should have blue eyes?

Answer 28

25%

Question 29

A brown-eyed man whose father was blue-eyed and whose mother was brown-eyed married a blue-eyed woman whose father and mother were both brown-eyed. The couple has a blue-eyed son. For which of the individuals can you be sure of their genotypes? What genotypes are possible for the others?

Answer 29

The second generation is Bb (man) and Bb (woman) and the third generation is bb (son)
The first generation could have been bb (father) and BB (mother)

Question 30

Inconsistences with Mendel’s Rules

Answer 30

alleles and genes can interact, genes do not always affect just one characteristic and gene expression
depends on the environment

Interactions between alleles are more common than dominant or recessive alleles

A single gene can affect multiple traits

Question 31

iven the following strand of DNA write the nucleotide sequence for the complementary strand:
ATCCCTAGGT

Answer 31

TAGGGATCCA

Question 32

It took two steps to figure out the physical basis of genes

Answer 32

Griffith found a substances in bacteria that could transform how other bacteria function to cause disease
While studying a species of bacteria, he found that bacteria came in two forms: smooth and rough
Found that transformation (dead smooth bacteria alters lively rough bacteria) occurred and this is what caused pneumonia
Discovered this change in bacteria was heritable

Avery, MacLeod and McCarty demonstrated DNA was responsible for the transformation

Question 33

DNA has 3 characteristics

Answer 33

1. It must replicate itself (process of replication)
   The double helix of DNA unzips and new strands form

Question 34

DNA has 3 characteristics

Answer 34

2. It must be able to mutate

Deletion: removes a segment from the chromosome

Duplication: repeats a segment

Inversion: reverses a segment within a chromosome

Translocation: moves a segment from one chromosome to another

Question 35

DNA has 3 characteristics

Answer 35

3. It must produce the proteins responsible for physical changes (process of protein production)

Question 36

Direct the production of specific proteins occurs through encoding:

Answer 36

Genetic code, Transcription, Translation

Question 37

The Genetic Code

Answer 37

the language of nucleotides which consists of the alphabet (A,T,C,G) and words (a nucleotide triplet). Each nucleotide triplet corresponds to a specific amino acid that will be incorporated into a protein, and the max number of triplets possible is 64 (only four nucleotides can be present in any sequence of three)

Question 38

Transcription

Answer 38

the process of copying or transcribing genetic material from DNA into RNA. DNA does not leave the nucleus, so its information has to be transported to the cytoplasm. The DNA info is transcribed (complementary base pairing rule with RNA; A to U, G to C)) and RNA detaches and moves to the cytoplasm

Question 39

Translation

Answer 39

the process where information in RNA is converted to a new language (amino acid sequences) by the three types of RNA; mRNA (the sequences which are made of nucleotide triplets aka codons identify which amino acids should be joined together/in what order), tRNA (a carrier molecule which has a nucelotide triplet sequence aka anticodon on one end and a binding site where an amino acid is attached on the other end and this carries specific amino acids requested by mRNA codons) and rRNA (forms ribosomes which hold mRNA and tRNA in the right place so that amino acids can be connected)

Question 40

Why is it easy for a DNA molecule split down the middle to reform in an exact replica of itself?

Answer 40

Each of the bases will only pair with one other base

Question 41

Given the following small piece of DNA, which is part of a longer strand, fill in the correct nucleotides for the mRNA and the amino acids in the protein.

Answer 41

DNA: CCAATAGCGCT
mRNA: CCAAUAGCGCU

Question 42

In a protein, when one amino acid is replaced by another, the protein often can’t do its job. What changes about the protein?

Answer 42

A string of amino acids fold into the shape that is mostly chemically stable based on their shape, size and electrical charge. If the wrong amino acid (different chemical properties) is inserted, the structure changes which can lead to change in function

Question 43

Mutations are not always random, natural events. Certain things can cause DNA damage. One of these things is:

Answer 43

Mismatch of DNA bases

Question 44

Tay Sachs disease is the result of abnormal genes, much like sickle cell, and both can be identified with genetic screening. As a result of screening programs, Tay Sachs is now very rare in North America, but sickle cell is not. What’s different between these cases?

Answer 44

The Tay Sachs screening program started with good education and cultural sensitivity toward participants so people are more willing to be tested.

Question 45

If you investigate and map out the family history of a particular trait, what have you produced?

Answer 45

Pedigree analysis