week 7a

Question 1

What kingdom to modern plants belong to?

Answer 1

Kingdom Plantae

Question 2

What type of cellular structure do plants have?

Answer 2

Multicellular eukaryotic organisms

Question 3

What special structures do plant cells contain?

Answer 3

Plastids

Question 4

Where do most modern plants primarily live?

Answer 4

Land/terrestrial environments

Question 5

From what type of ancestor did modern plants evolve?

Answer 5

Green algal ancestors that lived in aquatic habitats

Question 6

How are modern plants different from their algal relatives?

Answer 6

They have adaptations to terrestrial life

Question 7

What group includes the ancestors of modern plants

Answer 7

certain protists (green algae)

Question 8

what is the role of gametophytes in the plant life cycle

Answer 8

to produce haploid gametes

Question 9

how are gametes produced in gametophytes

Answer 9

by mitosis

Question 10

what structure protects developing gametes, and from what?

Answer 10

gametangia protects gametes from drying out and microbial attack

Question 11

what are antheridia and what do they produce

Answer 11

antheridia are spherical or elongate gametangia that produce sperm

Question 12

what are archegonia and what do they enclose

Answer 12

archegonia are flask-shaped gametangia that enclose an egg

Question 13

what happens after the sperm reaches the egg

Answer 13

the sperm swims to the egg, they fuse to form a diploid zygote

Question 14

what does the diploid zygote grow into

Answer 14

a sporophyte

Question 15

from what type of ancestor did kingdom plantae orginate

Answer 15

a photosynthetic protist ancestor, similar to streptophyte algae (eg. charphycean algae)

Question 16

what group of algae shares derived traits with land plants

Answer 16

complex streptophyte algae

Question 17

what are some shared traits between streptophyte algae and land plants

Answer 17

• distinctive type of cytokinesis
• plasmodesmata
• sexual reproduction using an egg and smaller sperm

Question 18

what distinguishes land plants from their close algal relatives

Answer 18

adaptations to terrestrial habitats (structural and functional differences)

Question 19

what type of body structure do land plants have

Answer 19

bodies composed of 3-dimenstional tissues

Question 20

how does a body composed of 3-dimensional tissues benefit land plants

Answer 20

increases their ability to avoid water loss

Question 21

where do land plant tissues arise from

Answer 21

apical meristems at the growing tips

Question 22

what physical advantages do land plants have due to their tissues

Answer 22

can produce thick, robust bodies

Question 23

what do specialized tissues and organs allow in land plants

Answer 23

enable distinct functions within the plant body

Question 24

what reproductive feature helps land plants survive on land

Answer 24

alternation of generations - two types of multicellular bodies alternate in time

Question 25

what does the diploid (2n) sporophyte produce

Answer 25

haploid spores by meiosis

Question 26

what does the haploid (1n) gametophyte produce

Answer 26

gametes by mitosis

Question 27

how is the sporophyte embryo supported in land plants

Answer 27

it is nourished and protected by maternal tissues

Question 28

how does land plant reproduction differ from that of charophycean-like algae

Answer 28

land plants produce many more spores per zygote

Question 29

what is special about the spores produced by land plants

Answer 29

they are tough-walled, nonflagellate, and can survive dry air dispersal

Question 30

what ecological advantage do these reproductive traits give land plants

Answer 30

allow plants to spread widely across land surfaces

Question 31

what is the diploid generation in plants called

Answer 31

the sporophyte

Question 32

what does the diploid sporophyte produce

Answer 32

spores

Question 33

what is the haploid generation in plants called

Answer 33

the gametophyte

Question 34

what does the haploid gametophyte produce

Answer 34

gametes by mitosis

Question 35

what happens during meiosis in the plant life cycle

Answer 35

it results in reduction in ploidy level (diploid to haploid)

Question 36

what happens during mitosis in the plant life cycle

Answer 36

it retains the ploidy level (no change in chromosome number)

Question 37

what is the basic pattern of the plant life cycle

Answer 37

alternation of generations, where plants alternate between haploid and diploid phases

Question 38

how does the relative dominance of haploid and diploid phases vary

Answer 38

the dominance of haploid and dipoloid phases is different for various plant groups

Question 39

what is the main concept of the alternation of generations

Answer 39

plants alternate between a haploid gametophyte and a diploid sporophyte phase in their life

Question 40

what ate the 9 plant phyla

Answer 40

1. liverworts - hepatophyta 2. mosses - bryophyta 3. hornworts - anthocerophyta 4. lycophytes - lycophyta 5. pteriodophytes - pteridophyta 6. cycads - cycadophyta 7. glinkgos - ginkgophyta 8. conifers - coniferophyta 9. angiosperms (flowering plants) - anthophyta

Question 41

what groups are included in bryophytes

Answer 41

liverworts, hornworts and mosses

Question 42

what is the relationship between liverworts, hornworts and mosses

Answer 42

share common structural, reproductive and ecological features and form a monophyletic phylum

Question 43

what is the size of bryophytes

Answer 43

bryophytes are relatively small in stature

Question 44

where are bryophytes most common and diverse

Answer 44

they are most common and diverse in moist habitats

Question 45

why can bryophytes not grow tall or reproduce in dry places

Answer 45

they lack traits that allow them to grow tall or reproduce in dry environments

Question 46

what reproductive features do bryophytes have

Answer 46

- alternation of generations - multicellular embroys - tough walled spores

Question 47

what groups are considered bryophytes

Answer 47

liverworts(hepatophyta), hornworts (anthocerophyta) and mosses (bryophyta)

Question 48

do bryophyta have vascular tissue

Answer 48

no they lack vascular tissue

Question 49

what does it mean that bryophytes are pokilohydric

Answer 49

they have little control over internal water content

Question 50

what is the typical size and growth pattern of bryophytes

Answer 50

they are small and grow low to the ground, often on wet sites

Question 51

how do bryophytes reproduce

Answer 51

they produce flagellated sperm that require water to swim to the egg

Question 52

do bryophytes have true roots, stems or leaves

Answer 52

no, they have rhizoids instead of true roots, and no true stems or leaves

Question 53

what protective features do bryophytes have

Answer 53

they have a cuticle and stomata

Question 54

which generation is dominant in bryophyes

Answer 54

the gametophyte is larger than the attached sporophyte

Question 55

what structure produces gametes in bryophytes

Answer 55

gametangia

Question 56

what do archegonia and anteridia produce

Answer 56

- archegonia = produce eggs - antheridia = produce sperm

Question 57

what is the structure of a liverwort gametophyte

Answer 57

it is a leafy or a simple flattened thallus

Question 58

do liverworts have true stomata

Answer 58

no, they lack true stomata

Question 59

what is a gemmae

Answer 59

a cuplike asexual reproductive structure found in the liverwort thallus

Question 60

what is the structure of a hornwort gametophyte

Answer 60

a simple, flattened thallus

Question 61

what is a distinguishing feature of hornwort sporophytes

Answer 61

they have a long, pointed sporangium that resembles a horn

Question 62

what 2 phyla are seedless vascular plants

Answer 62

lycophytes and pteridophytes

Question 63

what key features do seedless vascular plants have

Answer 63

vascular tissue for water, nutrient transport and structural support

Question 64

do vascular plants produce seeds

Answer 64

no

Question 65

what are tracheophytes

Answer 65

lycophytes, pteridophytes, and seed-producing plants, all have tracheids, specialized cells for water conduction and support

Question 66

where do lycophytes commonly grow

Answer 66

on forest floors

Question 67

what is a strobilus

Answer 67

a cone-like cluster of sporangia found in lycophytes

Question 68

what structure do lycophytes have

Answer 68

upright/horizontal stems with xylem small green leaves and roots

Question 69

how many species of pteridophytes exist today

Answer 69

12k+ species

Question 70

what plants are included in pteridohytes

Answer 70

ferns, whisk ferns, and horsetails

Question 71

which life cycle stage is dominant in ferns

Answer 71

the sporpophyte stage

Question 72

what are fronds

Answer 72

finely divided leaves of ferns

Question 73

where are fern sporangia found

Answer 73

in sori, typically on the underside or margins of fronds

Question 74

what do fern spores develop into

Answer 74

gametophytes, which bear antheridia and archegonia on their underside