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Cardiorespiratory introducing practice > week 8 > Flashcards

week 8 Flashcards

(54 cards)

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1
Q

What are the purposes of pulmonary function tests?

A

to look for the presence of lung disease and diagnosis
to grade the severity of a respiratory disorder and show the progress or response to medical treatment
to monitor disease progression over time
to assess risk
to differentiate between different pathologies
to evaluate the response to treatment

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2
Q

What does spirometry tell us?

A

shows abnormalities in lung function, but is not disease specific
static lung volumes (how much air the lungs can hold)
dynamic lung volumes (how fast the volume of air can be moved and the flow of air through the airways

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3
Q

What are some indications for use of spirometry?

A

diagnostic
monitoring
disability
research

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4
Q

What are some contraindications for use of spirometry?

A

pneumothorax
haemoptysis of unknown origin
recent myocardial infarction or unstable angina
CVS instability
cerebral instability
recent surgery
recent chest infection
communication difficulties such as learning disabilities or confusio
if the patient is too unwell to perform forced expiration

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5
Q

describe the spirometry procedure

A

sit upright, wearing comfortable loose fitting clothes
after a relaxed breath out, take a maximal breath in
seal your lips around the mouthpiece and blow out as fast and completely as possible

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6
Q

What does an acceptable spirogram demonstrate?

A

quick and forceful exhalation
no coughing
smooth lines on graph
minimum exhalation time of 6 seconds with no change in volume in last second

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7
Q

What is total lung capacity?

A

The amount of gas the lungs contain after a maximal inspiratory effort when a person breathes in fully

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8
Q

What does capacity refer to?

A

The combination of 2 or more volumes within the total lung capacity

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9
Q

What is tidal volume?

A

The volume of air normally inhaled or exhaled with each breath during resting, quiet breathing

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10
Q

What is expiratory reserve volume?

A

Volume of air that can be exhaled with a maximal effort after a normal resting expiratory breath

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11
Q

What is residual volume?

A

volume of air remaining in the lung after a maximal effort expiration

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12
Q

What is inspiratory reserve volume?

A

the extra volume of air that can be inhaled with maximal effort after a normal resting inspiratory breath

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13
Q

What is inspiratory capacity?

A

Volume of air that can be inhaled with a maximal effort from a resting (tidal) end expiratory level

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14
Q

What is the equation for inspiratory capacity?

A

IC = TV + IRV

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15
Q

What is functional residual volume?

A

Volume of gas remaining in the lungs at the end of a normal tidal exhalation

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16
Q

What is the equation for functional residual capacity?

A

FRC =ERV + RV

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17
Q

What is vital capacity?

A

Volume from maximal inspiration to maximal expiration

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18
Q

What is the equation for vital capacity?

A

VC = IRV + TV + ERV

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19
Q

For a cough to be effective what does vital capacity need to be greater than?

A

1 litre

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20
Q

Name some factors that influence airway resistance

A

types of airflow
lung volume
elastic recoil
bronchial smooth muscle tone
airway obstructions

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21
Q

What is forced vital capacity?

A

the volume expired forcefully (following a maximal inspiration), until residual volume is reached

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22
Q

What is forced expiratory volume in one second?

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A

the volume of air a subject can exhale in the first second of a maximal breath out, following a maximal inspiration

23
Q

What is FEV1 approximately 3/4 of?

24
Q

What does the FEV1/FVC ratio look at?

Study These Flashcards
A

it looks at the amount expelled within the first second compared with the overall volume achieved

25
How is FVC converted into a percentage?
results are compared with the predicted value for a patient of the same age, sex, height and ethnic origin and then converted to a percentage
26
What is considered a normal result for forced vital capacity?
the result is considered normal if the score is 80% or more of the predicted value
27
Name some causes of reduced FVC
decreased expansion decreased inspiratory muscle strength obesity decreased expiratory muscle strength increased airway resistance
28
What FEV1, FVC and FEV1/FVC ratio would a normal person have?
FEV1= >80% FVC = >80% FEV1/FVC ratio= >70%
29
What FEV1, FVC and FEV1/FVC ratio would a patient with an obstructive pathology have?
FEV1=<80% FVC = normal or low FEV1/FVC ratio = <70%
30
What FEV1 and FVC would someone with a restrictive pathology have?
FEV1 = < 80% FVC = <80%
31
What grade of airflow obstruction would someone, who has been identified to have an obstructive condition ,with FEV1 of 80% or more of the predicted value have?
Mild If you have mild COPD, your spirometry test results can be normal after you take medication
32
What grade of airflow obstruction would someone, who has been identified to have an obstructive condition, with a FEV1 between 50-79% of the predicted value after medication have?
moderate
33
What grade of airflow obstruction would someone, who has been identified to have an obstructive condition, with a FEV1 between 30-49% of the predicted value after medication have?
severe
34
What are the characteristics of an obstructive pathology?
limitation of airflow due to partial or complete obstruction
35
What are the characteristics of a restrictive pathology?
reduced expansion of lung parenchyma accompanied by decreased total lung capacity
36
Give some examples of obstructive pathologies
emphysema chronic bronchitis bronchiectasis asthma
37
Give some examples of restrictive pathologies
interstitial lung disease idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis pneumoconiosis sarcoidosis chest wall neuromuscular disease
38
What is the TLC of an obstructive disease?
normal
39
What is the TLC of a restrictive pathology?
decreased
40
What population groups does shortness of breath on exertion effect?
heart failure COPD interstitial lung disease
41
What is heart failure?
it is when the pumping ability of the heart has reduced and cant keep up with the workload
42
What happens in heart failure?
blood and oxygen may not be circulated around the body as efficiently
43
How can heart failure be managed?
with medications and lifestyle adaptations
44
How does hear try to make up for heart failure?
enlarging developing more muscle mass pumping faster
45
How does the body try to compensate for heart failure?
Blood vessels narrow to keep blood pressure up the body diverts blood away from less important tissues and organs
46
What are some symptoms of heart failure?
shortness of breath persistent coughing or wheezing - producing white or pink blood tinged mucus build up of excess fluid in body tissues (oedema) - swelling in the feet, ankles, legs or abdomen or weight gain tiredness and fatigue lack of appetite/nausea confusion and impaired thinking increased HR/palpitations
47
What conditions does interstitial lung disease include?
idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis sarcoidosis
48
What happens with interstitial lung disease??
involves fibrosing, scarring and thickening of the lung tissue 'stiff lungs' loss of elasticity and expansion in lung tissues
49
What is the prognosis for interstitial lung disease?
Poor prognosis and limited effective medications available to slow prognosis
50
What are the benefits of pulmonary rehabilitation?
improved exercise capacity improved health-related quality of life reduces perceived intensity of breathlessness reduced hospitalisations and length of stay reduced anxiety and depression associated with COPD increased survival
51
Why should you do exercise?
increases exercise tolerance improves muscle strength reduces breathlessness and fatigue benefits on quality of life
52
What is the exclusion criteria for pulmonary rehabilitation?
unstable angina unstable diabetes acute LVF uncontrolled BP uncontrolled arrhythmias history of Mi or cardiac surgery in 6 weeks leading up to start of PR mobility limited by musculoskeletal or neurological condition cognitive problems compliance issues aortic aneurysm
53
What is the structure of exercise in pulmonary rehabilitation?
warm up aerobic training programme cool down approx 1 hour session
54
What topics are included in the education component of pulmonary rehabilitation?
disease and education healthy eating and supplementation managing breathlessness medications energy conservation exercise chest clearance palliative care/end of life discussion

Cardiorespiratory introducing practice (10 decks)

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