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Health science 2801 > Week 8 > Flashcards

Week 8 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the two subcategories of experimental studies

A

Unplanned
Planned

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2
Q

What is an unplanned experimental study

A

Natural experiments

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3
Q

What is a planned experimental study

A

Cluster or community trials
Randomized trials

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4
Q

What is the defining feature of an experimental study

A

The investigator Assign exposure

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5
Q

Who conducted the first randomized clinical trial

A

Jame lind

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6
Q

What did Eward Jenner do

A

He did an experimental study with cowpox

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7
Q

What are some examples of ethical issues with experimental studies

A

The monster study (speech therapy)

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8
Q

What are the different groups in experimental studies

A

There is a treatment group from the source population
There is a comparison group
Over time you compare the incidence of outcome in treatment and comparison groups

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9
Q

Whats the difference between research questions for experimental vs observational studies

A

Experimental studies- involve prevention or treatment
It is feasible and ethical ( small population level effect expected)
Observational studies- prevention treatment and causal factor
And experimental study is not ethical or logical
Moderate large population level effect expe

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10
Q

What is prevention trial

A

Prevention trial
Agent given to healthy or high-risk individual to prevent disease occurance

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11
Q

What is a therapeutic trial

A

Agent given to diseased individuals to treat or cure cancer

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12
Q

What are the unit of allocation

A

Individual trial
Community cluster tiral

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13
Q

What are some things you need to consider when making a population

A

Want people at in population of intrest
Risk for outcome
Among whom the intervention could be effective
People with highlikelihood of compliance with treatment
Exlcude people with conditions with drug

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14
Q

What does generalizability mean

A

The extent to which the results from a study can be generalized (or extended) to people who did not partcipate in the study

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15
Q

What are some things that make the study loose generalizabilty

A

Inclsuion/exclusion criteria

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16
Q

What are some reference population groups to whom results are applicable

A

All humans
All men, women
Urban children at risk for lead poisoning

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17
Q

What is the population hierachy

A

Refrence population
Experimental source population ( potiental partcipants)
Study population ( willing and eligible)
Informed Consent Allocation
Treatment group
Comparison group

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18
Q

What board must approve the study

A

IRB

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19
Q

What is randomization

A

Each study participant has the same probability of receving treatment

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20
Q

How can radominzation be achieved

A

Toss a coin
Computer generated

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21
Q

What are bad ways to do randomization

A

Subject self studies
Day of week order of visit

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22
Q

What should you consider if your group is small

A

Stratified randomization

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23
Q

What is a confounder in experimental studies

A

A factor that distorts the true association between an exposure and outcome

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24
Q

What is the ultimate goal

A

Treatment is the only difference between study groups

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25
Q

When does the two groups are the same

A

Study is large enough
Treatment assignment is not indluenced by investigator

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26
Q

What is blinding or masking

A

Method of ensuring that participants and/or study investigators have no knowledge or whether a study participant has been assigned to the treatment or comparison group

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27
Q

What is single blind

A

Study participant does not know whether they are receiving treatment or no treatment

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28
Q

What is double blind

A

Neither the study participant or study investigator administering the treatment knows who is receiving treatment or no treatment

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29
Q

What is triple blind

A

Neither the study partcipant nor the study invesitgator adiministering the treatment or the study investigator monitoring the effects knows

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30
Q

What are some sceneraios where blinidng isnt possible

A

Such a surgery psychotherpaty
Excercise regimens
diets

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31
Q

What are some ways to minimize information bias

A

Use a placebo maeks exposded and unexposed groups experinces as comparable as possible

And compliance

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32
Q

What is compliance

A

Following the study protcol exactly as reqiored throughout the course of the trial

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33
Q

What are the different goals of complaince

A
  1. Have groups be alike as possible on other important characteristics (randomization)
  2. Have groups be as different as possible on exposure( intervetnion)
    No contamaniation
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34
Q

What is the worst for compliance

A

contamination ( inadvertent apllication of the experimental procedure to the control group)

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35
Q

What is descriptive anyalsis

A

Did randomization work
Is the distributions of potential confounding factors the same in the two groups

36
Q

In the intention to treat analysis ( a+b) vs
a is compliers and b is non compliers in treatment group
(c+d) what do the values mean

A

+ maintains randomization and gives real life picture
- may be biased towards null due to non compiance

37
Q

In the efficacy anyalsis a vs c ( compliers) what do the values mean

A

+ Evaluates effect of treatment in people actually treated
- Loss of benefits of randomization does not give real life picture

38
Q

What is a crossover trial

A

Randomization so one group receives intervention then control and the other receives control than intervention
Each person acts as there own control

39
Q

What are major strengths of RCT

A
  1. Demonstrate casual relationships with high level of confidence
  2. Researches can control exposure levels
40
Q

What are some weaknesses of RCTs

A
  1. Limited applicability due to ethical reasons and at times due to artificial setting of experiment
  2. Potential for bias due to difference in compliance withdrawl and loss to follow up in experimental and control groups
  3. Usally costly and time consuming
  4. May have limited external validity( low generalizability)
  5. Risk of contamantion is high even in blinded studies
41
Q

What is a cluster randomized trail

A
  1. Same methodology
  2. Lower risk of contamnination
  3. Some interventions only make sense at the group level
  4. More convenient
    The unit of the randomization is the group
42
Q

What is quantitative research

A

Uses structured hypothesis-driven approaches to gather data that can be statistically analyzed this is number focused and test existing hypotheses

43
Q

What is qualitative research

A

Used in depth interviews focus groups discussions partcipant observations to explore attiudes and identify themes and patterns

44
Q

What is the central concept of a qualitative study

A

Improve health promotion programs
Clinical process
Social change
Perception of health and illness

45
Q

Can phenomena be directly measured

A

No

46
Q

What is ontology

A

Nature of reality realism to relativism objectivity to subjectivity

47
Q

What is realism in quantitative studies

A

One reality exists that can be understood by objective observation

48
Q

What is relativism is qualatative studies

A

Multiple realities cannot be fully understood realities are subjective different interpretation based on evaluators’ beliefs
seek to understand subjective aspects of human existence

49
Q

What is epistemology

A

Nature and definition of knowledge and truth ( positivism vs interpretivism vs critical theory)

50
Q

What is epistemology in quantitative study

A

researchers are independent from their study subject and that researchers can control for possible biases in order to make objective measurments

51
Q

What is epistemology in qualitative study

A

Researchers and study participants are interdependent and they create knowledge together as they interactively explore subjective topics

52
Q

What is methodology

A

Approach to data collection an analysis

53
Q

What is methodology in quantitative studies

A

Put a value on entities use of statistics to study relationships focus on reproducibility and generating evidence

54
Q

What is methodology in qualitative studies

A

Meaning of phenomena focus on why and how

55
Q

What is axiology

A

Nature of values

56
Q

What is axiology in quantitative studies

A

Assumes rigorous procedures can control the impact of values and biases on study outcomes

57
Q

What is axiology in qualitative studies

A

Assumes that a researchers value affects the study

58
Q

What are some methodologies in the health sciences

A

Phenomenology, grounded theory, ethongraphy, case studies

59
Q

What is phenomenology

A

Exploring how individuals interpret and find meaning in their own unique life experinces

60
Q

What is the method for phenomenology

A

In depth interviews, examining transcripts to identify meanings and themes,

61
Q

What is bracketing

A

Researchers may put aside preconceived ideas about reality to be open to new meanings that might be expressed by participants

62
Q

What is grounded theory

A

An inductive reasoning process
Use of observations to develop general theories that explain phenomena
Simultaneous data collection and data anyalsis
No predetermined sampling strategy
Data collection continues until data saturation ( theoretical sampling)

63
Q

What is Ethnography

A

Systematic study of people and cultures in their natural environment
Anthropological approach to develop an insiders view of the way members of sociocultural group understand their world

64
Q

What type of observation to ethnographers use

A

Participant observations to understand a groups collective experinces

65
Q

What is a case study

A

Use of multiple data sources to examine and understand one person group or event in detail
Observations
Interviews
Historic records

66
Q

What is a mixed method study

A

Elements of both quantitative and qualitative methods in one single study
compare the results and internpt them
Sequential collection of data

67
Q

What is the main issues with collecting qualitative data

A

Come engagement of researchers with participants
Hard to remain objective
High chance of bias

68
Q

What is an in-deth interview

A

1 or 2 hours
Semi structured- list of open-ended questions as starting points

69
Q

What is some techniques used for in depth interviews

A

Proping- prompting interviewees to providng more complete or specific response
Observation and recording- body language nonverbal communication

70
Q

What is a focus group

A

Small number of people 8=10
1-2 hours of moderate discussion
The facilitator poses questions to the group and keep the conversation focused

71
Q

What is naturalistic observation

A

The researcher discreetly observes study subjects in a natural setting typically without the knowledge of the subjects

72
Q

What is a controlled observations

A

Study participants are observed in a laboratory setting and know that they are being observed

73
Q

What is a Participant observation

A

A trained investigator seeks to understand a community by engaging with its members and immersing in its practices

74
Q

What is field notes

A

Observation records, interview transcripts and other documents compiled during the qualitative research process

75
Q

Are qualitative studies deductive and inductive

A

They inductive making inferences ( identifying patterns, developing theories) based on observations
Felxible can be a cycle

76
Q

Are quantitative studies deductive or inductive

A

Making logical inferences based on facts or widely accepted premises
Linear data collection– analysis– interpretation– reporting
Deductibe

77
Q

What is the analytic framework content anyalsys

A

Categoorizing textual data
1. Systematic coding the text using lables and categories derived from the text or from existing theories or previous research findings
2. Determining which codes occur most often and then identification of the most prominent patterns and themes in the text

78
Q

What is the analytic framework of constant comparasion

A

A process of collecting data transcribing interviews assigning initial codes identifying themes
Include several cycles of data collection analysis and additional data collection and analysis
( Qualitative)

79
Q

What is narrative anaylsis

A

Seeks to understand person stories themes of the stories can be interperted by other philoshpies like feminism

80
Q

What is discourse analysis

A

Uses the tools of linguistics to evaluate the ordinary use of written andspoken language ( not a natural language)

81
Q

What is the process coding

A

Is the use of words or short phrases to briefly summarize the contents attiudeds and processes
A lable attached to a word or a phrase

82
Q

What is the goal of coding

A

Descriptions of participant characteristics emotions values evaaluations

83
Q

What is categorizing

A

Grouping related codes into categories

84
Q

What is a theme

A

Is is a concept that encompasses one or serveral categories

85
Q

What is the theories

A

A theory is a construct that provided a systematic explanation about a phenomenon ( you can use a fourth level of coding generates a new theory about the phenomenon)

86
Q

What is the order of the process

A

Assinging inital codes
Identify categories
Identify themes
Identify theories
( flexible and not literary)

Health science 2801 (10 decks)

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