Week 8 Flashcards
(35 cards)
What are the symptoms of breast cancer?
- New lumps, sores or dimpling of the breast
- Discharge
- Red or swollen breast
What are some risk factors associated with breast cancer?
- Age
- Reproductive factors
- Hormones
- Diet
- Smoking
- Weight
- Use of the contraceptive pill
- Lifestyle
How is breast cancer diagnosed?
- Mammography
- Ultrasound
- Aspiration
- Biopsy
What treatment is used for breast cancer?
All depends on the extent and stage of the disease
- Surgery
- Hormone therapy
- Chemotherapy
- Radiotherapy
List three other female reproductive cancers.
- Endometrial
- Ovarian
- Cervical
Describe premenstrual syndrome.
Multiple manifestations including 3-14 days before menstruation. - Mood swings - Uterine cramping - Breast tenderness - Back ache Related to hormonal changes
List the treatment used for premenstrual syndrome.
- Gonadtropin Releasing Hormone Agonist (GnRH)
- Contraceptive pill
- NSAIDs
- SSRIs
What is amenorrhoea?
Define primary and secondary amenorrhoea.
Absence of menstruation
Primary - absence of menarche by 16 years old
Secondary - 6 month without menstruation
Describe Menorrhagia.
- Prolonged or excessive bleeding
- Thyroid, endometriosis, pelvic inflammatory disease, ectopic pregnancy, hormonal disorder, medications, fibroids, cancer
Describe Metorrhagia
- Bleeding between menstrual periods
- Hormonal, pelvic inflammatory disease, polyps, fibroids, cancer
Describe endometriosis.
- Endometrial cells grow outside urine cavity.
- Can interfere with ovulation, menstrual cycle
- Causes inflammation, pain, scarring and adhesions
What is urethritis?
Inflammation often infection of the urethra.
Describe Phimosis.
The foreskin of the penis is “too tight”, can’t be retracted
What is paraphimosis?
Foreskin retracted but can’t be pushed forwards
Describe prostatic cancer.
Most common male cancer.
Associated with testosterone levels and sexual factors
List the symptoms of prostatic cancer and benign prostatic hyperplasia
- Weak urinary stream
- Post-void dribbling
- Urinary frequency
- Urgency
- UTIs
- Nocturia
- Outflow obstruction
- Retention
- Distended bladder
How is Prostate cancer diagnosed?
- History
- Examination
- Biopsy
- Urinalysis
- Flow studies
- Ultrasound
How can prostatic cancer and benign prostatic hyperplasia be treated?
Depends on the diagnosis and severity.
- Medication
- Hormone therapy
- Radiotherapy
- Chemotherapy
- Surgery - trans-urethral prostatectomy (TURP)
Describe Gonorrhoea.
Gm negative diploccous is the bacteria causing Gonorrhoea.
It is transmitted by person to person contact.
Describe the pathophysiology of Gonorrhoea.
- Attach by way of pilli to the mucosal cells
- Invade the epithelial cells lining the cervix and urethra and multiply
- Eventually, discharged and cause damage and elicit an inflammatory response
- Occassionally, the bacteria can invade blood vessels and then spread to other parts of the body, such as joints
What symptoms are evident in men with gonorrhoea?
- Discharge and dysuria.
- Untreated = epididymitis
Up to 10% of men are asymptomatic
What symptoms are evident in females with gonorrhoea?
- Up to 90% of women have mild symptoms or are asymptomatic
- Discharge
- Dysuria
- Abnormal menses
- Cervical oedema
- pelvic inflammatory disease
How is gonorrhoea diagnosed?
Microscopy.
- Swab for Gm negative
- polymerase chain reaction
- Co-infection
Treatment for Gonorrhoea.
Ceftriaxone
Penicillins
Azithromycin
