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Principles Of Pharmacology > Week 8 > Flashcards

Week 8 Flashcards

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1
Q

What receptors are used for ACh in the somatic nervous system?

A

Nicotinic

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2
Q

What receptors are use for ACh in the parasympathetic nervous system?

A

Muscarinic

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3
Q

What receptors are used for ACh in the sympathetic nervous system?

A

Alpha and beta
Muscarinic
Nicotinic (in the adrenal medulla).

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4
Q

Where are the nicotinic found which are used as part of the. sympathetic nervous system?

A

Adrenal Medulla

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5
Q

What changes are made to Tyrosine once it enters a pre-synaptic neurone in sympathetic nervous system?

A

It is converted to Dopa, the dopamine then noradrenaline.

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6
Q

What did Henry Dale discover about the sympathetic nervous system?

A

There are 2 different classes of adrenoreceptor. (Alpha and beta).

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7
Q

What effects do pre-treatment with ergot alkaloids have on adrenaline?

A

Change the vasoconstrictor effects of adrenaline to become vasodilators.

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8
Q

What causes adrenaline to become a vasodilator rather than a vasoconstrictor?

A

Treatment with ergot alkaloids.

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9
Q

What condition is caused by Ergot poisoning?

A

St Anthony’s fire

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10
Q

What is the condition St Anthony’s fire usually caused by?

A

Consumption of bread made with Rye contaminated by ergot.

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11
Q

What are the possible sets of symptoms of St Anthony’s fire?

A

Gangrene with burning pain in extremities.

Convulsions, hallucinations, severe psychosis, death.

Miscarriages.

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12
Q

What happens when adrenaline acts on alpha receptors?

A

Vasoconstriction

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13
Q

What happens when adrenaline acts on beta receptors?

A

Vasodilation

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14
Q

In the absence of ergo, what are the overall effects of adrenaline on alpha and beta receptors?

A

The effect of vasodilation is masked by a large alpha receptor mediated vasoconstriction.

Vasoconstriction

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15
Q

What receptor types does ergot act on?

A

Ergot blocks alpha receptors

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16
Q

What are the effects of adrenaline on alpha and beta receptors when ergot is present ?

A

Ergot blocks alpha receptors so no vasoconstriction occurs.

Overall effect is vasodilation be beta receptor stimulation.

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17
Q

Who initially identified the presence of 2 types of receptor in the sympathetic nervous system (alpha and beta)?

A

Henry Dale

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18
Q

What method did Raymon Ahlquist use to confirm the presence of 2 types of receptor in the sympathetic nervous system?

A

He examined the responses of adrenaline, noradrenaline and isoprenaline on the cardiac muscles and a variety of smooth muscles.

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19
Q

What order of potency did Raymond Ahlquist discover on the contraction of smooth muscle?

A

Noradrenaline, adrenaline, isoprenaline

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20
Q

What order of potency did Raymond Ahlquist discover on the relaxation of smooth muscle?

A

Isoprenaline, adrenaline, noradrenaline

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21
Q

By carrying out his potency experiment, what did Raymond Ahlquist postulate?

A

He postulated the presence of alpha and beta cells

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22
Q

Describe the sensitivity of alpha cells to adrenaline, noradrenaline and isoprenaline

A

Highly sensitive to adrenaline and noradrenaline.

Practically insensitive to isoprenaline.

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23
Q

Describe the sensitivity of beta cells to adrenaline, noradrenaline and isoprenaline

A

Highly sensitive to isoprenaline.

Practically insensitive to adrenaline and noradrenaline.

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24
Q

What are the 2 types of beta receptors and what are the effects of each?

Study These Flashcards
A

Beta-1 receptor - mediate increase in rate and force of cardiac contraction.

Beta-2 receptor - mediate bronchodilator and vasodilation.

25
Where are Alpha-1 receptors found?
Peripheral blood vessels | Prostate
26
What effect do alpha-1 receptors have on the prostate?
Contraction
27
Where are alpha-2 receptors found?
Presynaptic nerve terminal
28
What effect do alpha-2 receptors have at pre-synaptic nerve terminals?
Inhibit noradrenaline release.
29
Where are beta-1 receptors found?
Heart
30
Where are beta-2 receptors found?
Peripheral blood vessels. Bronchioles
31
What are the effects of beta-2 receptors on bronchioles ?
Bronchodilation
32
What are the 2 groups of drug mechanisms for the sympathetic nervous system?
Directly Acting | Indirectly acting
33
What are the effects of directly acting drugs on the sympathetic nervous system?
They mimic or block the effects of Noradrenaline and Adrenaline by acting on alpha and beta receptors
34
Where do most directly acting drugs act in terms of the sympathetic nervous system?
Post-synaptically
35
Give an example of a drug type which is a directly acting drug for the sympathetic nervous system.
Beta blockers
36
What effect do Alpha-1 receptor agonists have?
They mimic the effects of noradrenaline and therefore cause vasoconstriction.
37
What are the advantages of Phenylephrine over Noradrenaline?
It is more highly selective for receptors
38
What are the clinical uses of Phenylephrine?
Nasal Decongestant | Increases blood pressure
39
How is Phenylephrine used to treat nasal congestion?
Alpha-1 receptor stimulation causes vasoconstriction which reduces congestion of nasal mucosa.
40
What are the clinical uses of Alpha-1 Antagonists?
Anti-hypertensives
41
How do Alpha-1 Antagonists act as anti-hypertensives?
They block alpha-1 receptor stimulation meaning vasoconstriction is inhibited and blood pressure is reduce.
42
What are the effects of prostate enlargement?
Blocks the urethra making it difficult to empty the bladder.
43
How can Prostate enlargement be treated?
Prazosin and Tamsulosin are used as alpha-1 antagonists to stop contraction of the smooth muscle and therefore allowing urine to pass out of the urethra.
44
What effect does the stimulation of alpha-1 receptors by NA have on the bladder and prostate?
Causes contraction
45
What are the overall effects of indirectly acting drugs on the sympathetic nervous system?
Increase or decrease noradrenaline availability by non-receptor mechanisms.
46
Where do Indirectly acting drugs act on the sympathetic nervous site?
Pre-synaptically
47
What are the effects of alpha-2 receptor agonists?
Stimulation of pre-synaptic alpha-2 receptors means that adrenoreceptors can inhibit their own noradrenaline release
48
What are alpha-2 antagonists used to treat?
Hypertension and panic disorders
49
What are the effects of alpha-2 receptor antagonists?
They block the inhibition of noradrenaline release. More Noradrenaline available to stimulate the post-synaptic receptors.
50
What are the effects of Beta-1 receptor agonists?
They stimulate adrenoreceptors therefore causing an increase in the heart rate and force of contractions. Increases renin release from the kidneys and so increase blood pressure.
51
What are the therapeutic uses of Beta-1 agonists?
Treat cardiac arrest and low blood pressure
52
What are the Therapeutic uses of beta-1 receptor antagonists?
Treat angina and hypertension
53
What are Beta-2 receptor agonists used to treat?
Asthma
54
What are the effects of Beta-2 receptor agonists?
Stimulate bronchodilator and vasodilation in skeletal muscles.
55
What are the uses of Beta-2 Antagonists?
Used as pharmacological agents to be used in research into the distribution and physiological roles of beta-receptor subtypes.
56
What type of drug mechanism does Amphetamine use?
Indirect
57
What are the physiological effects of Cocaine and Adrenaline?
Rapid heart rate Elevated blood pressure Decreased GI motility and secretion
58
How do MAO inhibitors affect synaptic availability in the sympathetic nervous system?
Increase availability of NA by blocking its breakdown and blocking the dopamine transporter in dopaminergic neurones.
59
What are indirectly acting sympathomimetic drugs used to treat?
Children with ADHD

Principles Of Pharmacology (11 decks)

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