Week 8-9

Question 1

What produced a change in the way we studied attention in the 1800s?

Answer 1

• Empiricism - conducting experiments

- Electricity

Question 2

Who was the first person who studied attention orienting?

Answer 2

Hermann von Helmholtz

Question 3

What are the ways we can shift attention?

Answer 3

• Overtly: others can see

- Covertly: others cannot see

Question 4

Helmholtz was also interested in ____ and was an accomplished ____

Answer 4

• Afterimages

- Inventor

Question 5

How does the T-scope work?

Answer 5

A person looks into a box with one eye and keeps their vision on a small pinhole of light (the fixation point) - their attention shifts to a card with letters placed around the pinhole before a spark coming from a Leyden jar lights up the box briefly before an afterimage can be seen

Question 6

What did Helmholtz discover with the T-scope?

Answer 6

Afterimages are clearest where the person focused their attention

Question 7

What are the two types of focal points?

Answer 7

Ocular & attentional

Question 8

Michael Posner developed _____

Answer 8

A location cueing task to study covert orienting - tests whether a person could remember a target better if a cue was presented before it

Question 9

How long does it take to target a saccade?

Answer 9

220 ms

Question 10

What is a symbolic cue trial?

Answer 10

Symbol indicates where the cue will appear

Question 11

What model of attention is associated with covert attention?

Answer 11

The spotlight model

Question 12

Cross-modal attention tasks ____

Answer 12

Involve stimuli of more than 1 sensory modality

Question 13

Lawrence Ward developed ____

Answer 13

A Posner task involving both visual and auditory stimuli

Question 14

The results of Ward’s Posner task suggest ____

Answer 14

There is a common attention shift mechanism for all types of sensory input

Question 15

What type of location cueing is more likely to produce good results?

Answer 15

Direct location cueing, as opposed to symbolic

Question 16

Symbolic cueing is more associated with ____ than direct cueing

Answer 16

Cognitive processes & voluntary attention shifting

Question 17

Stimulus-driven attention shifts are associated with ____ cueing

Answer 17

Direct

Question 18

Goal-driven attention shifts are associated with ____ cueing

Answer 18

Symbolic

Question 19

Concurrent tasks only affect _____ cues

Answer 19

Symbolic

Question 20

Short cue-target delays affect ____ more, and longer delays affect ____ more

Answer 20

• Direct cues

- Symbolic cues

Question 21

People use symbolic cues less when ______

Answer 21

Validity is low

Question 22

____ is voluntary, while ____ is involuntary

Answer 22

• Symbolic cue use

- Direct cue use

Question 23

What is the difference between analog and discrete attention shifts?

Answer 23

The spotlight stays on in analog, while it turns off during switching for discrete shifts

Question 24

Attention shifts are mostly ____

Answer 24

Discrete

Question 25

What brain regions are active during the different stages of attention orienting?

Answer 25

- Disengaging: parietal lobe - Shifting: superior colliculus - Engaging: pulvinar

Question 26

What is the law of two levels?

Answer 26

The idea that we can change the size of our attentional focal point depending on the task we're doing

Question 27

What is the name of the phenomenon where performance is interfered with from a stimulus close to the cue?

Answer 27

Flanker interference

Question 28

fMRI has shown that _____ is active during flanker interference

Answer 28

the anterior cingulate cortex

Question 29

Why is Waldo so hard to find?

Answer 29

He does not have any unique features

Question 30

What are distractors?

Answer 30

Non-target items

Question 31

A target with a unique visual feature is called a ___

Answer 31

pop-out

Question 32

Hard-to-find targets with a unique feature combination are found with a slower ____ of surrounding objects

Answer 32

serial inspection

Question 33

What is the set0size effect?

Answer 33

The more distractors there are, the harder it is to find a target

Question 34

There is no set-size effect if _____

Answer 34

the target has a unique feature

Question 35

There is a set-size effect with _____

Answer 35

feature-conjunction targets

Question 36

A search task in which you look for the target that is unique/changing in an image is called _____

Answer 36

the odd-item-out task

Question 37

What was the first visual search model and who created it?

Answer 37

Feature integration - Anne Treisman

Question 38

When searching, _____ is one-by-one and _____ is all at once

Answer 38

- serial | - parallel

Question 39

Neisser proposed that _____ is involved when we're looking for hard-to-find targets and _____ when a target pops out

Answer 39

- Serial | - Parallel

Question 40

What is different about the way Treisman thought about feature integration?

Answer 40

The brain has different regions that carry out specific types of visual processing, and everything is integrated in a certain area

Question 41

Feature maps are _______

Answer 41

Associated with specific features of an object

Question 42

Location maps are ______

Answer 42

Associated with spatial information

Question 43

Location maps only work with _____

Answer 43

Parallel processing

Question 44

Illusory conjunctions occur when ______

Answer 44

There is not enough attention to "glue" features together

Question 45

Illusory conjunctions indicate that some features can be _____

Answer 45

free-floating

Question 46

What are emergent features?

Answer 46

A mis-combination of features

Question 47

Where might the master map be?

Answer 47

Intraparietal sulcus (parietal lobe)

Question 48

What is potential evidence for there being more than 1 attentional spotlight?

Answer 48

- split-brain patients | - multiple-object tracking

Question 49

What is Pylyshyn's explanation for why we are able to keep track of 4 objects in MOT?

Answer 49

We are not really tracking them, but putting markers on them

Question 50

What type of feature (global or local) do we usually attend to first?

Answer 50

Global

Question 51

The right parietal cortex mediates ____ processing

Answer 51

Global

Question 52

The left parietal cortex mediates ____ processing

Answer 52

Local