Week 8

Question 1

membrane protein

Answer 1

protein that is normally closely associated with the cell membrane

Question 2

transmembrane protein

Answer 2

protein that spans from one side of a lipid membrane to the other side.

Question 3

signal sequence

Answer 3

a short sequence (generally 5-30 amino acids long) at the N-terminus of a protein that determines the eventual location of a protein in a cell

Question 4

translocase

Answer 4

a protein that assists in moving another molecule, usually across a membrane

Question 5

intramolecular

Answer 5

within a molecule

Question 6

Intermolecular

Answer 6

between molecules. Like interstates stretch between states.

Question 7

Endoplasmic reticulum (ER)

Answer 7

labyrinth-like membranous organelle in eukaryotic cells where lipids are synthesized and membrane-bound proteins are made

Question 8

Rough ER

Answer 8

Portion of endoplasmic reticulum coated with ribosomes

Question 9

Smooth ER

Answer 9

portion of the ER without ribosomes

Question 10

Golgi apparatus

Answer 10

membrane-bound organelle in eukaryotes where lipids and proteins made in the ER are modified and sorted

Question 11

Vesicle

Answer 11

small structure within a cell, typically fluid enclosed within a lipid bilayer

Question 12

Transport vesicles

Answer 12

vesicles used to move molecules and macromolecules within a cell

Question 13

Secretory vesicles

Answer 13

vesicles containing materials to be transported to the cell surface and excreted.

Question 14

Amphiphilic (amphipathic)

Answer 14

having both water loving and lipid-loving (or water hating) properties

Question 15

Chaperones

Answer 15

proteins that assist in the covalent folding or unfolding and assembly or disassembly of other proteins

Question 16

Regulatory proteins

Answer 16

Bind or release other molecules to promote or prevent expression of a gene or the activity of another protein.

Question 17

Transport proteins

Answer 17

proteins that carry materials from one place to another

Question 18

Structural proteins

Answer 18

proteins used in structural components of the body.

Question 19

Enzymes

Answer 19

proteins that catalyze chemical reactions but are not consumed in the process.

Question 20

Ubiquitination

Answer 20

the addition of ubiquitin to a protein

Question 21

Proteasome

Answer 21

protein complex that degrades unneeded or damaged proteins.

Question 22

Carrier proteins

Answer 22

membrane transport proteins that actively facilitate the transport of molecules across the membrane

Question 23

Permease

Answer 23

class of multipass transmembrane carrier proteins that facilitate the diffusion of a specific molecule into and out of the cell by passive diffusion

Question 24

Active Transporter

Answer 24

class of transmembrane carrier proteins that use energy to transport molecules into and out of the cell. An example is the sodium potassium pump which uses ATP.

Question 25

Motor protein

Answer 25

protein that uses energy to propel itself along a filament

Question 26

Active site

Answer 26

region of an enzyme surface to which a substrate molecule binds in order to undergo a catalyzed reaction

Question 27

Substrate

Answer 27

The molecule on which an enzyme acts

Question 28

Product

Answer 28

The changed substrate on which a molecule has acted

Question 29

Transition state

Answer 29

The state corresponding to the highest energy along the reaction coordinate (the top of the hill). It is the least stable state.

Question 30

Coenzymes

Answer 30

non-protein molecules that work with enzymes and aid them in their function

Question 31

Feedback inhibition

Answer 31

when a downstream product binds to an upstream enzyme to prevent the creation of any more of the product.

Question 32

Allosteric regulation

Answer 32

the binding of regulatory molecules in a place other than the active site

Question 33

Post-translational modifications

Answer 33

protein modifications that occur generally after translation is complete.

Question 34

Acylation

Answer 34

the addition of an acyl group (COCH3)

Question 35

Methylation

Answer 35

the addition of a methyl group (CH3)

Question 36

Phosphorylation

Answer 36

the addition of a phosphate group (PO32-)

Question 37

Ubiquitin

Answer 37

a small protein added to other proteins that used to mark proteins for degradation or to affect their activity, location, or interactions

Question 38

SUMO

Answer 38

a ubiquitin-like protein that is added to other proteins to mark them for transport, regulation, and stability

Question 39

Prenylation

Answer 39

the addition of a prenyl group

Question 40

Islets of Langerhans

Answer 40

groups of pancreatic cells secreting insulin and glucagon

Question 41

Preproinsulin

Answer 41

freshly translated insulin before it is processed.

Question 42

Signal transduction

Answer 42

Signal transduction (cell signaling) is the transmission of molecular signals from the cell’s exterior to its interior

Question 43

Glucagon

Answer 43

a peptide hormone that signals cells to release glucose

Question 44

Glycogen

Answer 44

multibranched polysaccharide of glucose that serves as a form of energy storage

Question 45

Insulin

Answer 45

a peptide hormone that signals cells to take up glucose

Question 46

Microfilaments, Microbules, intermediate filaments

Answer 46

structural components of the cell and body made out of proteins

Question 47

Actin, tubulin, keratin

Answer 47

proteins that make up filaments in the body

Question 48

Collagen

Answer 48

most abundant structural protein in the animal kingdom

Question 49

Epigenetic

Answer 49

Heritable changes in gene expression that does not involve changes in the underlying DNA sequence