Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

KP331 > Week 8 > Flashcards

Week 8 Flashcards

1
Q

How many people will develop cancer in their lifetime?

A

1 cause of death in Canada

1 in 2

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What are the most commonly diagnosed cancers?

A

lung and bronchus
breast
colorectal
prostate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

How do cancer rates change across Canada?

A

incidence rates lower in Western provinces and territories

higher in the Central and Eastern provinces

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

How does cancer risk change with age? With sex?

A

males > females (though rates differ by specific type)

risk increases with age
- 90% of new cases diagnosed in Canadians 50+

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

How have case numbers changed over time?

A

increasing over time
- aging population and growing population

decreasing over time
- when controlling for age and population size

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What is cancer?

A

abnormal, uncontrolled cellular multiplication

interruption at any phase of immune response can lead to tumour cells surviving and growing

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What is an antigen-producing cell?

A

gather tumour antigens and mount immune system response
- activates T cells which trigger cell death and tumour cell dies

ex. macrophage, dendritic cell, B cell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What is a tumour?

A

aka neoplasm

mass of tissue that serves no physiological purpose

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What are the 2 types of tumours?

A

benign = non-cancerous, only dangerous when taking up too much physical space

malignant = cancerous, capable of spreading to other tissues (metastasis)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What tissues are involved in carcinomas?

A

epithelial cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What tissues are involved in sarcomas?

A

connective/fibrous tissues

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What tissues are involved in lymphomas?

A

lymphocytes/lymph nodes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What tissues are involved in leukemias?

A

blood/bone marrow

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What tissues are involved in neuroblastomas?

A

neuroendocrine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What tissues are involved in adenocarcinomas?

A

glandular tissue

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What tissues are involved in hepatomas?

A

liver

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What is a biopsy?

A

removal and examination of a small piece of tissue

via needle or surgery

helpful in determining stages

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What is staging?

A

classifying the progress/extent of cancer

0 = early cancer, present only in the layer of cells where it originated

I, II, III = more extensive cancer, higher numbers indicating greater tumour size/degree tumour has spread to adjacent organs

IV = advanced cancer that has spread to another organ

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What is the TNM system?

A

system of classifying how much cancer has progressed

tumour (0-4)
modes (0-4)
metastases (0-1)

ex. breast: T3N1M0

20
Q

What are some of the modifiable risk factors for cancer?

A

personal lifestyle causes > 70% of all cancers
environmental toxins
infectious diseases
SDOH

21
Q

How is cancer primarily prevented?

A

reducing risk by removing the cause
early detection/screening
routine testing
- Pap test, prostate test, mammogram, etc.

22
Q

What are some different treatments for cancer?

A 
surgery
radiation
chemotherapy
immunotherapy
angiogenesis inhibitors
hyperthermia
hyperbaric therapy
alternative therapies
23
Q

What is radiation?

A

destroys malignant cells to stop cell growth

24
Q

What is chemotherapy?

A

destroys cancer cells - goal is that the healthy grow back more quickly

25
Q

What are some alternative cancer treatments?

A

herbs
diet
magnet therapy
therapeutic touch

26
Q

What is paediatric cancer? How commonly does it occur?

A

cancer that occurs in individuals 0-19

relatively uncommon, BUT the most common disease-related cause of death in children

incidence rate about 943 new cases in Canada each year

27
Q

What are the survival rates of paediatric cancer?

A

83%

1 in 5 children do not survive

28
Q

What are some potential risk factors for paediatric cancer?

A

radiation exposure
changes in DNA
inherited gene mutations
acquired gene mutations

despite potential risk factors, cause is still relatively unknown

not linked to lifestyle/environmental factors like adult cancer

29
Q

What are the top 3 most common types of paediatric cancer?

A

leukemia
brain/spinal
lymphomas

very different from adult top 3 (breast, lung, prostate) which are not even on the list for paediatric

30
Q

What is leukemia?

A

overproduction of blast cells

originates in blood stem cells
- either myeloid stem cells (RBC) or lymphoid stem cells (WBC)

as stem cells develop they become blast cells which are immature blood cells

31
Q

What are the 4 types of leukemia?

A

categorized by timeline and type of blood cell

acute lymphocytic leukemia (ALL)
acute myleogenous leukemia (AML)
chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL)
chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML)

32
Q

How are brain and spinal tumours classified?

A

brain tumours start in brain, spinal in spinal cord

low grade (benign) tumours
- grow slowly, may develop into high grade tumours
high grade (malignant) tumours
- grow quickly, rarely spread outside CNS
33
Q

What are the types of lymphoma?

A

all start in lymphatic system (lymph nodes)

Hodgkin - certain cell (Reed Sternberg) is present, slightly higher survival rate

non-Hodgkin - Reed Sternberg cell not present

34
Q

Who is more likely to get lymphomas?

A

Caucasians

males

35
Q

What is a Wilm’s Tumour?

A

tumour that develops in the kidney cells

occurs when a mistake happens in an immature kidney cell

typically diagnosed in children 2-4 years old

36
Q

What is the acronym for general signs and symptoms of paediatric cancer?

A

CHILD CANCER

continued unexplained weight loss
headaches
increased swelling/consistent pain in the bones or joints
lump or mass
development of excessive bruising/bleeding/rash

constant, frequent, persistent infections
a white colour behind pupil
nausea
constant tiredness or paleness
eye or vision changes
recurring fevers with an unknown cause
37
Q

How is paediatric cancer diagnosed?

A

very hard to diagnose in early stages, usually a long process

doctors want to be very sure before providing parents with a firm diagnosis; delay can be problematic

test depends on type of cancer, signs/symptoms, and age/general health of the child

38
Q

How is paediatric cancer treated?

A

doctor work with family to develop unique treatment plan for the child, depending on type and severity of cancer

treatment plan may include surgeries, chemotherapy, radiation therapy, targeted therapy, stem cell transplants

39
Q

What are some of the physical effects of paediatric cancer?

A

vomiting
aches and pains
alopecia
bruising

40
Q

What are some of the psychological effects of paediatric cancer?

A

anxiety
depression
heightened emotional responsiveness

41
Q

What are some of the cognitive effects of paediatric cancer?

A

confusion
short attention span
mental fogginess

42
Q

What are some of the social effects of paediatric cancer?

A

treated differently by peers
may miss their friends
identified as “sick kid”

43
Q

What is a late effect?

A

health problems that occur months or years after treatment has ended

44
Q

What are the 4 major late effects identified by paediatric cancer survivors and their families (study)?

A

the nightmare
- signs, symptoms, diagnosis, treatment

not everyone was nice

  • people treated them differently
  • kids can be mean

remember their family being…

silver linings

45
Q

What are some of the effects of paediatric cancer on the family?

A

effects are complex and experienced by all

increased risk for family conflict

many new stressors and demands

46
Q

How does paediatric cancer affect typically developing siblings?

A

one of the most challenging diseases for siblings to face

  • needs of children go unmet
  • negative health outcomes
  • experience intense feelings
  • older children experience heightened risk to engage in risky behaviours

KP331 (13 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions