Week 8 - drug use and eating

Question 1

What are the biological factors in smoking? Particularly physchophysiological and genetics?

Answer 1

phychophysiological
- degree of tranquilisation 
- weight loss 
- increase cognitive function 
- increase alertness 
- decrease irritabillity 
these physchophsiological factors decrease overtime 
2. genetics
- genetic predisposition of both starting and maintaining smoking

Question 2

What are some psychological factors that influence smoking?

Answer 2

1. conditioning - positive reinforcement
2. motivating factors - weight loss, boredom, habit
3. personality factors: extroversim and neurotism linked with smoking
4. mental illness
5. stress

Question 3

What are some social factors influencing smoking?

Answer 3

• belonging of social groups - particularly if at uni or at an indivisuals work - if people smoke then you would feel the need to in order to fit in

Question 4

What is the most common way of quitting smoking?

Answer 4

Abrupt cessation - i.e. going cold turkey on smoking

Question 5

What are some benefits of smoking, immediately, short term and long term?

Answer 5

1. Immediate 12 hrs
   * 12 hrs- The level of carbon monoxide in blood drops dramatically
   * 72 hrs - sense of smell and taste improves
2. Short term
   * 1 week - lung function / circulation improves
   * 1 month ; coughing and shortness of breath decrease
3. Long term
   * 1 year: risk of coronary disease decreases by 1/2
   * 5 years: risk of stroke is reduced + +” “ mouth and throat cancer decreases
   * 10 yrs risk of lung cancer death halved
   * 15 years: risk of heart disease is same as someone who has never smoked

Question 6

What are some pharamalogical interventions?

Answer 6

• Nicotine replacement therapy: gum, patches contain small amounts of nicotine to slowly reduce the amount of nicotine to assist in withdrawal systems

Question 7

What are some limitations with pharamological interventions?

Answer 7

In randomised control trials people only receiving placebo quickly realise that they are not getting any nicotine.

Question 8

What are some psychological interventions? what type of intervention should psychological interventions be paired with for it to be most effective?

Answer 8

• Talking to people who you respect - GPs, psychologists, physiotherapist etc..
• Pharamalogical and psychological combined interventions Is best
• Group therapy
• Aversion therapy
• Phone counselling
• Individual counselling
• Health professional advice

Question 9

What are some social interventions?

Answer 9

Buddy system - stats show ppl who have someone to do intervention with is more successful

Question 10

What are some population/pubic health interventions?

Answer 10

1. taxation
2. plain packaging
3. advirtisement campagins

Question 11

What are some predictors in quitting to smoke?

Answer 11

• Past attempts
• Nicotine dependance
• Concern for the health effects of smoking
• Demographics - younger age, white, higher education

Question 12

What are some predictors in staying smoke free?

Answer 12

• Nicotine dependance
• Self-efficacy
• Strong desire to quite
• Demographics: white, older age, male, higher socioeconomic status

Question 13

According to studies, what are some self exempting beliefs people hold when they are smoking?

Answer 13

1. personal belief that they had immunity to negative heatlh effects - i.e. bullet proof
2. refused to seek medical advice and actually believe what doctors say - sceptical
3. normalising dangers of smoking - ubiquiting dangers of smoking

Question 14

what percentage of people successfully quit smoking without any support?

Answer 14

90%

- 70.22% of this population used abrupt cessation as technique to quit smoking

Question 15

What is the % of ppl in AUS over 12 yrs of age who consume in risky levels long term?

Answer 15

18.2%

Question 16

what is the definition of heavy episodic drinking? What is the % of people who engage in HEAVY EPISODIC drinking?

Answer 16

• HED is when one consums 5+ standard drinks in any one sitting
• 26.4%

Question 17

What are some diseases/disorders alcohol consumption is responsible for?

Answer 17

• gastrointestinal disease
• foetal alcohol syndrome
• alcohol cerebellar degeneration - when cells in cerebellum destroyed/degenerate due to high levels of OH consumption - cerebellum controls coordination and balance
• cancer
• injury
• cardiovascular disease

Question 18

what are the proposed health benefits to alcohol cosumption

Answer 18

• known as U shaped distribution
• light-moderate drinking lower risk of developing CVD
• u shaped distrbution - light drinkers lower risk of morality than non-drinkers

Question 19

What type of drug is alcohol?

Answer 19

CNS Depressant - affects physcomotor functioning, mood, behaviour

Question 20

When does BAC (blood alcohol concentration) reach its highest point?

Answer 20

45 minutes after drinking

Question 21

What does BAC depend on?

Answer 21

1. muscle/fat ratio
2. gender
3. age
4. time elapsed since last drink
5. acquired tolerance - people who drink more frequently produce alcohol dehydrogenase - helps metabolise ethanol -> T.F won’t get as intoxicated as easy

Question 22

What are some psychological causes of alcohol dependance in terms of conditioning and social learning theory?

Answer 22

• Conditioning
  
  • Rapid gradient of reinforcement - decrease in anxiety after consumption, delayed negative and rapid positive effects
• Social learning theory
  
  • We learn our drinking patterns through our friends/family/peers
  • Family strongest influence on age of alcohol drinking
  • Friends strongest influence of frequency alcohol drinking

Question 23

What are prevention based alcohol intervention programs? Give examples of some

Answer 23

• Aims to reduce alcohol consumption
• Taxation
• Limiting to when they can be sold
• Drink-drinking laws - .05 is the limit
  
  • When 0.08 alcohol level reached in blood - chance of getting into accident increases by half
• Advertising
• Health promoting campaigns

Question 24

Which out of these types of prevention based alcohol intervention programs is the least effective?

Answer 24

• Health-promoting campaigns
  
  • Research shows only minimally effective
  • Increase knowledge of OH consumption does not lead to decreased consumption

Question 25

What are some interventions for alcohol consumption?

Answer 25

* Motivational interviewing | * Brief interventions with doctors - doctors considered as authority figures

Question 26

Based on evidence is AA considered to be effective?

Answer 26

Based on evidence AA - mixed views i.e. good and bad

Question 27

What is the recommended servings of fruit vegetable, dairy/other, grains, protein?

Answer 27

``` vege - 4.5 - 5.5 fruit - 1.5 - 2 dairy/alternatives - 1.5 - 4 lean meats/alternatives - 1.5 - 3 grains - 4- 7 ```

Question 28

What are we consuming instead? Out of age groups, who is the worst at junk food, sugar intake?

Answer 28

youth age group consumed most junk foood and exceeded free sugar intake

Question 29

What is BMI?

Answer 29

- body mass index | - gives you an estimate on whether or not your weight is ideal, underweight or overweight

Question 30

What are the values of BMI that indicate someone is underweight, healthy, overweight, obese?

Answer 30

underweight - below 18.5 ideal - 18.5 - 24.5 overwight 25-29.9 obsese - 30 and above `

Question 31

What percentage of AUS adults and children are overweight?

Answer 31

63.4 % AUS overweight or obese | 1 in 4 AUS children overweight or obese

Question 32

Generally has the level of obesity among different age groups across the years increased or decreased?

Answer 32

- overall has increased

Question 33

Has BMI across age groups over the years increased or decreased?

Answer 33

overall has increased

Question 34

What are some potential causes of obesity? See s.45

Answer 34

* Evolution - advanatgeous to store fat back then * Genetics * However this doesn’t explain dramatic increase in obesity rates * i.e. just because you have larger fat cells, doesn’t mean you will be obese * Energy balance theory - more calories consumed than energy expenditure * Obsegenic environment - modern society dominated by processed foods, advertising * Culture/social norms - different practises of eating/notions of ideal body shape/weight * Psychological factors * Conditioning and social learning: we learn very young from our parents - imitate them * Emotion - stressed when eat / stressed I don’t eat -> t.f. inconstant * Personality: extroversion, impulsivity, neuroticism more higher BMI * Depression

Question 35

What type of intervention Is dietary guidelines? What are the different pathways of influence from this type of intervention?

Answer 35

* Population level intervention * Multiple pathways of influence * Social norms change - changing normative behaviour * Individuals influence * increase awareness, * perceived social norms in individuals -> not just real social norms but what they perceive are social norms

Question 36

What are behavioural intervention strategies for eating based on?

Answer 36

- based on energy based theory -> T.F exercise and nutrition

Question 37

what are some limitations of behavioural interventions?

Answer 37

* Adherence is usually low * Attrition high * Long term follow up of patients show they re-gain or gain more than they originally started as * Due to short term interventions -> only give short term effects (YOYO diet) * Availability of processed foods affects their ability to eat well consistently

Question 38

What are some self monitoring, environment, thinking patterns, self efficacy and social support approaches used in behavioural interventions to improve eating patterns?

Answer 38

self-monitoring: keep track of food intake by taking daily record, gradually reduce amount of processed foods etc enviornment: change eating habits permenantly, eating out less often, increase PA by more low energy foods, cooking at home, walk 5 days a week thinking patterns: plan ahead for high risk times by using self monitoring and decide on an alternative (if X happens, i willl do Y) self-efficacy: be okay with difficult times and focus on sucess by expecting to learn from setbacks social support: family by enlisting family members - get everyone to eat healthy

Question 39

what is an example of a eating program aimed at children that is seen as the most successful?

Answer 39

- bright bodies program - developed by yale university * Brought together 209 randomly assigned culturally diverse obese children * Intervention group and control group * Invention group got bright bodies invention that included exercise advice and practice nutrition and behavioural modification strategies - control group only had councelling every 6 months results: intervention group had weight drop immidiately after intervention and post intervention 12 months after