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Micro > Week 8 Exam 3 > Flashcards

Week 8 Exam 3 Flashcards

(34 cards)

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1
Q

Classification

A 
Linnaeus
- order & organization
- predictions on structure & function
- understand evolutionary connections
organisms are grouped into taxa
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2
Q

Taxonomy:
Namenclature:
Classification:
Identification:

A

Taxonomy: science of classifying things (reflects phylogeny)
Namenclature: assigns scientific names to taxonomic categories & individuals
Classification: orderly arrangement of organisms into a hierarch(trees)
Identification: process of discovering & recording traits for taxonomic placement

  • bacterial strain: population of cells that arose from a single cell
  • species share at least 70% common DNA sequences
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3
Q

Carl Woese

A
  • created 3 domain system : bacteria, eukaryote, and archaea
  • created by: comparing rRNA sequences
  • rRNA: ribosomal RNA, in all organisms, crucial for protein synthesis
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4
Q

Microbial Methods for Identification

A
  • phenotypic: physical characteristics, biochemical tests, phage typing
  • serological tests: immunologic(antibody/antigen binding)
  • genotypic: analysis of nucleic acids
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5
Q

Phenotypic Methods

A

observation of traits/appearence/behavior

  • types of enzymatic activities it can carry out
  • physical conditions it thrives in
  • antibiotics its susceptible to
  • chemical composition of cell wall
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6
Q

Immunologic methods

A
  • antibody response: patients sample is tested for presence of antibodies to a suspected pathogen (easier than testing for the microbe) ex. covid PCR, mono, group a strep
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7
Q

Genotypic Methods advantages

A

advantages: culturing is not necessary, rapid results, more precise than phenotypic methods, can be used for microbes not easily grown in the lab, can tell you the strain/species

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8
Q

Proper specimen collection:

A
  • aseptic technique
  • sterile sample containers & tools
    only infected site should be sampled
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9
Q

Sputum collection techniques

A
  • coughing into container
  • catheter
    (contamination with saliva should be avoided due to millions of bacteria per milliliter)
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10
Q

Urine collection samples

A
  • aseptically: catheter
  • clean catch: washing external urethra and collecting urine midstream (any contamination will be differentiated)
  • mucus lining of urethra, vagina, or cervix with swab or applicator stick
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11
Q

sterile body fluids collection samples

A
  • blood, cerebrospinal fluid and tissue fluid by sterile needle aspiration
    antisepsis of puncture site in extremely important
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12
Q

other specimen sources:

A
  • eye, ear canal, synovial fluid, nasal cavity: swab

- diseased tissue: surgically removed (biopsied)

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13
Q

Phenotypic methods: Immediate examination

A

-direct microscope observation of fresh or stained specimen
most rapid
stains often used: acid fast & gram

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14
Q

Phenotypic methods: 24 hour examination

A

growth of specimen on a media

  • specialized media: grow pathogen over the amount of microbiota (increase in numbers of pathogen)
  • selective media: used for non sterile specimens that contain a large amount of normal microbiota
  • differential media: looks for distinctive characteristics and fermentation
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15
Q

Phenotypic methods: physical characteristics

A

after growth

  • identified based on cellular morphology
  • differential staining or structural staining
  • distinct colony morphology of appearance
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16
Q

Phenotypic methods: biochemical tests

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A 
useful if microbes can grow under lab conditions
provides evidence of enzymatic systems
-fermentation of carbs
-utilize specific substrates
-produce waste products
-fatty acid composition
17
Q

Automated microscan system

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A
  • tool for rapid identification based on metabolic characteristics PHENOTYPIC
  • multi-welled plate (98), use variety of chemical tests
  • color change=presence of a particular metabolic reaction
18
Q

dichotomous key

Study These Flashcards
A

physical characteristics are based on D. key

-branching decision tree to help identify a microorganism

19
Q

antimicrobial sesceptibility testing

Study These Flashcards
A

useful in deterring which drugs will be used in treatment because of the rise of antimicrobial resistance
-phenotypic test

20
Q

phage typing

Study These Flashcards
A

helps identify bacterial strains
- phages: specific to host they infect and can be used to identify bacterial strains
- USE: bacteriophage (viruses that infect bacteria) to detect strain of bacteria
swab plate w/ bacteria you are wanting to identify, pipet small values of bacteriophage, a plaque(where the bacteriophage has infected the bacterium)
- bacteriophage infection observed using plaque assay
-phenotypic test

21
Q

Drawbacks of Phenotypic methods:

Study These Flashcards
A
  • the microbe needs to be cultured: takes minimum of 18-24 hours
  • many can be noonculturable, leaving the possibility that e culture normal microbiota
22
Q

specificity

sensitivity

Study These Flashcards
A
  • specificity: focus on certain antigen and not react with unrelated antigen
  • sensitivity: detection of small amount of antibodies
    most effective immune testing has these
23
Q

immunological methods: serology

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A
  • in vitro testing of serum, urine, cerebrospinal fluid, whole testing and saliva for presence of specific antibodies
  • antibodies have an extreme specificity of antigens
  • viewing interaction of antigens and antibodies microscopically or macroscopically provides a powerful tool for detecting, identifying, and quantifying them
  • determines: immunologic status of patient, confirm a suspected diagnosis, and screen individuals for a disease
24
Q

immunological tests: agglutination and perception reactions

Study These Flashcards
A
  • antigen is interlinked by many antibodies to form insoluble aggregates that settle in solution
  • forms clumps
25
immunological tests: immunochromoatography
- lateral flow test (pregnancy and rapid strep tests) - plastic cartridge contains porous material or polymer that directs fluid - patient sample will encounter antibodies - if patient sample contains correct antigen, it will bind the antibodies - then a third molecule is impregnated on the paper in a strip form
26
immunological tests: immunofluorescence
- florescent antibodies (FAbs): monoclonal antibodies labeled by florescent dye direct testing: - unknown antigen is fixed to a slide and exposed to a FAb solution - if antigen-antibody complexes form, they will stay bonded to the sample and can be seen under a florescence microscope - valuable for: locating microbial antigens on cell surfaces or tissues indirect testing: - FAbs recognize the Fc reign of antibodies in patient sera - known antigen is added to the test serum - binding of fluorescent antibody is seen through florescence microscope - fluorescing aggregates or cells indicate the FAbs have complexed with microp-specific antibodies
27
Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA)
- uses an enzyme-linked indicator antibody to visualize Ag-Ab reactions - relies on microtiter plate that will absorb the reactions indirect: - detects microbe specific antibodies in patient area - known antigen is absorbed to the surface or a well and mixed with unknown antibody - if ag-ab complex forms, in added indicator antibody will bind and produce a color change direct: - known antibody is absorbed to the bottom of the well and incubated with an unknown antigen - if ag-ab complex forms, it will attract the indicator antibody and produce a color change
28
antibody titers
- concentration of antibodies in a sample - determined by: serial dilution of patient serum - the more the sample can be diluted, the greater the concentration of antibodies and its titer - used to: diagnose autoimmune disorders and determine past exposure to diseases
29
sterotyping
- ag-ab technique for identifying, classifying, and subgrouping bacteria into categories - employs antisera (antibodies) against cell antigens like capsule, flagellum and cell wall - used for: identifying salmonella species and strain - basis for differentiating pneumococcal and streptococcal sterotypes
30
genotypic methods: polymerase chain reaction PCR
- production of numerous identical copies of DNA or RNA molecules - can amplify little amounts of nucleic acids present in a sample -real-time PCR (qPCR) q=quantitative uses fluorescent labeling during amplification level of fluorescence is measured in real time as it is running fully automated and faster, analysis of DNA not needed -reverse-transcriptase PCR (RT-PCR) creation of DNA out of RNA used for identification of RNA viruses
31
genotypic methods: whole genome sequencing
- useful for rapid analysis of outbreaks and drug-resistant organisms - will become so cheap and routine we will test from the patient to find microbes causing symptoms
32
genotypic methods: pulse-field gel electrophoresis: microbial fingerprints
- separation of DNA fragments - slowly applying alternating voltage levels to the gel from 3 different directions - allows similarly sized DNA fragments to separate - used in: food borne outbreaks
33
genotypic methods: microbial fingerprints: pulsenet
- program established by CDC to assist in the investigation of disease food borne outbreaks - sciencists from across the country can help and it will take hours
34
genotypic methods: nucleic acid composition
- prokaryotic G + C content varies 20%-80% between different species - closer the percentage between the two bacteria, the more closely related they are

Micro (8 decks)

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