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PsychoBio > week 8 final > Flashcards

week 8 final Flashcards

1
Q

brocas aphasia

A

difficulty with MOTOR PRODUCTION of words

  • labored and hesitant speech, mispronunciation of sounds
  • but speech is still meaningful because content words are used
  • limited use of function words
  • speech sounds telegraphic
  • can say automatic phrases
  • person is aware of their difficulties
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2
Q

neural features of brocas aphasia

A
  1. agrammaticism
    - people rarely use grammatical markers
    (brocas is activated when learning artificial grammar)
  2. anomia
    - searching for the right word
    - inability to find a word
  3. articulation
    - mispronouncing ewoerds by changing the sequence of sounds
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3
Q

what needs to be damaged?

A

damage to cortical area is not enough

- damage must include surrounding cortical and subcortical regions

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4
Q

many people with brocas aphasia also have what?

A

HEMIPLEGIA on the opposite side of the body

- due to the proximity of the primary and supplementary motor cortex

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5
Q

brocas SUMMARY:

A

an expressive aphasia

  • comprehension = good
  • articulation = poor bc of telegraphic speech
  • repetition = poor
  • awareness of deficits
  • use of gestures
  • automatic phrases are intanct
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6
Q

lesion site

A

left frontal lobe in the left inferior frontal gyrus

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7
Q

wernickes aphasia

A

people produce plenty of verbal output, but they have difficulty with receptive speech

  • speech contains paraphasias that make speech unintelligible
  • involves substitutions or neologisms
  • can repeat words but have a hard time understanding what is read or heard
  • poor comprehension
  • prosody is normal; unaware of deficits
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8
Q

three major deficits of wernickes

A
  1. recognition of spoken words
  2. comprehension of the meaning of words
  3. ability to convert thoughts into words
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9
Q

pure word deafness

A

results from damage to left temporal lobe

  • people are not deaf. they can perceive and recognize words but cannot understand them
  • they can talk, read, and write but sound like a deaf person and cant understand others
  • can read lips due to mirror neurons
  • cannot repeat words or write what they hear
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10
Q

comprehension of meaning of words and ability to convert words into thoughts result from?

A

damage to areas that SURROUND wernickes

  • posterior language area
  • this is the place for interchanging info between the auditory representation of words and the meanings of these words
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11
Q

damage to posterior language area alone (and not wernickes) leads to?

A

transcortical sensory aphasia

  • can repeat and recognize words, but can’t comprehend the meaning or produce meaningful speech of their own
  • they know they have heard something but cant understand what was said
  • can repeat words but doesn’t understand them
  • suggests a direct connection between wernickes and brocas
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12
Q

pure anomia

A

speech is fluent and makes sense, but hard time finding the right word

  • speech seems normal in every way, but have a hard time finding words
  • when they cant find the right word they talk around it or go in a diff direction
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13
Q

word deafness vs word blindness

A

deafness
- inability to understand SPOKEN words

blindness
- inability to understand WRITTEN words

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14
Q

when word deafness is more evident than reading impairment

A

damage is in the superior temporal lobe AND auditory cortex

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15
Q

when word blindness is more evident

A

greater destruction of the angular gyrus

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16
Q

summary of wernickes

A 
RECEPTIVE aphasia 
fluency = good
articulation = good
comprehension = poor
neologisms, good prososdy
unaware of deficits
17
Q

lesion site

A

posterior left temporal lobe

18
Q

speech capabilities of the two hemispheres

A

left:

  • understanding words and/or linguistic symbols
  • producing words and/or linguistic symbols
  • MEANINGFUL components of speech

right

  • understanding and producing prosody (emotional meaning through pitch, tone of voice, volume, etc.)
  • extracting meaning conveyed by tone of voice
  • recognition of familiar voices
19
Q

right hemisphere language functions

A

responsible for understanding proverbs, metaphors, or the moral of the story

  • information you would not know if words were written down
  • ability to RECOGNIZE voices
20
Q

what is activated when people are trying to listen and respond to metaphors?

A

right superior temporal lobe

21
Q

language acquisition device

A

a hypothesized part of the brain dedicated to learning and controlling language

  • an inborn aspect of cerebral lateralization of language
  • Chomsky’s explanation of children’s readiness to learn language
  • why language acquisition is so easy for us
22
Q

evidence for LAD

A

both hearing and deaf infants babble in hang movements

  • deaf infants babble and proceed into signing in the same stages and at the same pace as kids of speaking parents
  • no matter how we learn a language, something in our brain tells us what to do over time and goes through the same process of learning a language
23
Q

what part of the brain is ASL activating?

A

people born deaf use the SAME parts of the brain when using sign language to produce and understand language as those using spoken language
- regardless of how lang is conveyed, the neuroanatomical location of the involved structures is the SAME

24
Q

recovery of language function

A

for left hemisphere damage:
early in life: right hemisphere can take over language functions since it is already responsibly for prosody and figurative nature of lang
- later in life language control shifts to bordering areas

25
Q

critical/sensitive period of lang acquisition

A

explains why young children can learn many languages with ease

  • difficulty post-adolescence learning a second language
  • if deprived of contact during this period, the person will not be able to learn language
  • when kids learn 2 langs at the same time in childhood, the same areas of the brain are activated when they use either language in adulthood
26
Q

bilingualism and when languages are learned

A

depends when the second language is learned

- if new langs are learned after age 11, diff regions of the brain are used for each language

27
Q

billingualism and arriving in the US

A

arriving earlier in the US = more proficient english speaker

  • after the age of 7 you cant learn English like a native speaker bc the brain no longer is able to accept a new language
  • if you don’t get exposed to language early as a child, these people never develop lang even if they are rescued between 7-11
28
Q

what types of brain injury can cause pure word deafness

A

disruption of auditory input to the temporal cortex
OR damage to the superior temporal cortex itself
- disturbs the analysis of sounds of words and prevents people from recognizing other people’s speech.

29
Q

evolution of language

A

speech and lang may have been built on a system originally controlling gestures of the face and hands (hand movements facilitate speech)

30
Q

language genes

A

FOX2P is the most researched

  • a mutation of this gene results in reduced gray matter in Broca’s, along with articulation difficulties, problems identifying speech sounds, grammar probs, and understanding sentences
  • human versions have been found in Neanderthal remains
31
Q

conduction aphasia

A

speech disorder that occurs when the connection between brocas and wernickes areas are damaged

  • shows that there is a connection
  • results in meaningful, fluent speech and good comprehension, but impairment in REPETITION OF WORDS
  • cannot repeat it but may understand and give you a different or similar version of it
  • may also substitute words of similar meaning
  • hard time repeating nonsense words
32
Q

conduction aphasia is caused by what

A

parietal lobe damage that extends into white matter and damages the ARCUATE FASCICULUS

33
Q

Arcuate fasciculus and second indirect pathway

A

this is believed to be a direct connection between wernickes and brocas area and used to convey speech SOUNDS and repeat unfamiliar words

second indirect pathway
- locatd between posterior language area and broca’s area based on MEANING of words, not sounds like the first one

PsychoBio (1 decks)

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