Week 8 - NOT ON EXAM 2

Question 1

Critical Period

Answer 1

when development is RESPONSIVE to INFLUENCE

Time during which a developing system is especially vulnerable to injury

Thought to correspond to periods of rapid growth

Question 2

Sensitive Period

Answer 2

developing system more amenable to acquisition of certain abilities (e.g. language input during first year of life), more sensitive to certain stimuli (e.g. parent smell), and more readily influenced by certain environmental factors → long term impact on development

Time when EXPOSURE to things SUFFICES in teaching rather than expending conscious effort to learn

Question 3

Piaget - basis of his ideas?

Answer 3

cognitive development through interactions with the environment

Assimilation
Accommodation
Decalage
Stages of development

Question 4

Assimilation

Answer 4

integration of new experience with past experiences and problem-solving based on past experiences

Question 5

Accommodation

Answer 5

reorganization of mind based on discordance between new experience and past experiences in order to understand new experience

Question 6

Decalage

Answer 6

unevenness in developmental progress across different cognitive abilities (walking vs. talking)

Question 7

Stages of development (4)

Answer 7

1) Sensorimotor (birth to 18-24 months)
2) Preoperational (18-24 months to 7 years)
3) Concrete operations (7 to 12yrs)
4) Formal operations (12 yrs - adulthood)

Question 8

Sensorimotor (birth to 18-24 months)

Answer 8

dependence on exploration of perceptual stimuli through sensory modalities - development of object permanence

Question 9

Preoperational (18-24 months to 7 years)

Answer 9

language development, symbolic capacities, magical explanations, limited attention span and memory, egocentrism causality based on temporal or spatial nearness

Question 10

Concrete operations (7 to 12yrs)

Answer 10

ability to conserve volume and quantity, reversibility of events, perspective taking, logical dialogue, complex causal sequences

Question 11

Formal operations (12 yrs - adulthood)

Answer 11

manipulation of ideas and concepts, abstract reasoning, etc.

Question 12

Bowlby - studied what?

Answer 12

attachment theory

Relationship with primary caregiver during infancy forms foundation for later well-being and personality development

Infants programmed to behave in ways that evoke care and ensure survival

Question 13

Secure base

Answer 13

relationship with a person who provides comfort and safety and enables the infant/young child to explore the environment

Question 14

Strange situation

Answer 14

experimental paradigm developed to determine attachment status

Question 15

Defense mechanism (Freud) (9)

Answer 15

Repression
Displacement
Sublimation
Denial
Rationalization
Reaction formation
Projection
Sublimation
Regression

Question 16

Repression

Answer 16

hiding away wishes in the unconscious

Question 17

Displacement

Answer 17

symptoms (wishes/impulses) hidden in one area appear in another

Question 18

Sublimation

Answer 18

using energy from unfulfilled wishes/impulses in a constructive way

Question 19

Denial

Answer 19

failure to acknowledge a truth that produces anxiety

Question 20

Rationalization

Answer 20

actions based on one motive justified by a more acceptable motive

Question 21

Reaction formation

Answer 21

displaying a trait that is opposite of a repressed one

Question 22

Projection

Answer 22

attribute your own unacceptable impulses to another

Question 23

Sublimation

Answer 23

channeling instincts/wishes/impulses into socially accepted and valuable activity (e.g. painting)

Question 24

Regression

Answer 24

reverting to behaviors seen in earlier stages of development to obtain care/resources that alleviate anxiety

Question 25

____________ are key for neurodevelopment

Answer 25

EARLY relationships

Question 26

Newborns APGAR score? Communication? Developmental tasks?

Answer 26

APGAR scores: HR, respiratory effort, muscle tone, reflex, irritability, color “The 4th trimester” Communication: initially through crying/distress and soothability Developmental tasks: feeding, sleep and social interaction, movement, ability to calm themselves

Question 27

Infants: 0-12 months Motor development (4)

Answer 27

1) Primitive reflexes disappear: 2) Posture - lifts head up prone (1 mo), rolls and sits (6 mo), crawls (8 mo), stands (10 mo), walks (12-18 mo) 3) Picks - passes toys hand to hand (6mo), Pincer grasp (10 mo) 4) Points to objects (12 mo)

Question 28

Infants: 0-12 months Motor development -- Primitive reflexes

Answer 28

-Moro (3 mo) -Rooting (4 mo) Palmar (6 mo) Babinski (12 mo)

Question 29

Infants: 0-12 months Social development (3)

Answer 29

``` Social smile (2 mo) Stranger anxiety (6 mo) Separation anxiety (9 mo) ```

Question 30

Infants: 0-12 months Verbal/cognitive development (3)

Answer 30

Orients - first to voice (4 mo), then to name and gestures (9 mo) Object permanence (9 mo) Oratory - says “mama” and “dada” by 10 mo

Question 31

Toddlers: 12-36 months Motor development (5)

Answer 31

``` Cruises - takes first steps (12 mo) Climb stairs (18 mo) Cubes stacked Cultured - feeds self with fork and spoon (20 mo) Kicks ball (24 mo) ```

Question 32

Toddlers: 12-36 months Social development (3)

Answer 32

Recreation - parallel play (24-36 mo) Rapprochement - moves away from and returns to mother (24 mo) Realization - core gender identity (36 mo)

Question 33

Toddlers: 12-36 months Cognitive/Verbal development (2)

Answer 33

Words - 200 words by age 2, 2 word sentences

Question 34

Preschoolers: 3-5 years Motor Development (3)

Answer 34

Drive - tricycle Drawings - copies line or circle, stick figure Dexterity -hop on one foot (4 yr), use buttons/zippers, groom self (5 yrs)

Question 35

Preschoolers: 3-5 years Social development (2)

Answer 35

Freedom - comfortably spends part of day away from mother (3 yr) Friends - cooperative play has imaginary friends (4 yr)

Question 36

Preschoolers: 3-5 years Cognitive/Verbal development (2)

Answer 36

Language - 1000 words by age 3, uses complete sentences and prepositions (4 yr) Legends - can tell detailed stories (4 yr)

Question 37

Positive stress response

Answer 37

normal, essential part of healthy development, brief increases in HR, mild elevations in hormone levels

Question 38

Tolerable stress response

Answer 38

activates body’s alert systems to a greater degree due to more severe, long-lasting difficulties Buffered by RELATIONSHIPS with adults

Question 39

Toxic stress

Answer 39

adversity and prolonged stress in the absence of buffering relationships