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Lab diagnosis > Week 8 quiz review > Flashcards

Week 8 quiz review Flashcards

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1
Q

What general info about RBC’s can a CBC include?

A

number, size, Hgb, Average Hgb content, hematocrit,

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2
Q

What does a CBC count?

A

RBCs, WBCs(differental of populations) and platelets (number and volume_

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3
Q

What are the two events allow Leukocytes to defent against foreign invaders?

A

Phagocytosis, and development of specific immune response

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4
Q

What is involved in phagocytosis?

A

granulocytes and monocytes

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5
Q

What cell types are involved in the specific immune response?

A

monocytes/macrophages and lymphocytes

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6
Q

where is bone marrow that makes blood cells?

A

flat bones like sternum and hips

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7
Q

what are the two stem cells in bone marrow?

A

mesenchymal and hematopoeitic

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8
Q

what does pluripotent mean?

A

refer to stems cells ability to become many different things.

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9
Q

Myesenchymal cells become what?

A

CT, blood vessels and lymphatic tissue

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10
Q

Hematopoietic stemm cells become what?

A

Blood cells: RBCs, WBC, Platelets

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11
Q

what are the tree types of granulocytes?

A

neurtophils(PMN), esinophils and basophils

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12
Q

what is a granulocyte?

A

a leukocyte that contains granules that can break down pathogens and antigens.

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13
Q

Eosinphills look like what?

A

stain orange poink, look like lungs

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14
Q

basophils stain how?

A

Stain bluish black with large nucleus

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15
Q

Neutophils stain what color

A

bluish pink with 3-4 lobe nucleus

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16
Q

what causes stem cells to change into specific cells?

A

Colony stimulating factor.

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17
Q

What are the 4 characteristic of RBC and WBC development?

A

more to less cytoplasm, Large neucleus, neucleoli and cell size to smaller nucleus, neucloli and cell size

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18
Q

what is the 5 characteristic of only WBC development?

A

in the Granulocytes go from large and rount to segmented

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19
Q

What are the 6 stages of granulocyte maturation following commitment?

A

goes from non granular to distinct granules, slighly indented nucleus, indentation, segmented cells.

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20
Q

Names of 6 granulocyte stages?

A

myeloblast, promyelocyte, myelocyte, metamyleocyte, band, segmented cell

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21
Q

what would be found in leukemia blood smear?

A

myeloblasts, promyelocyte, myelocyte, and metamyelocyte.

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22
Q

what WBC stage is similar to reticulocyte?

A

Band cells, they are about 1.5 size of RBC.

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23
Q

what age group has the highest Norm rance for WBC?

A

Newborn: 9000, - 30,000

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24
Q

Adult WBC count, above 2 years

A

4500,- 10,000

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25
child over 2 years
6200-17,000 per mm3
26
Leukocytosis is what?
>11000 WBC
27
what can cause leukocytosis?
To many WBC caused by infections, trauma, post splenectomy
28
What is Leukopenia?
low WBC : < 4000/mm
29
What can cause leukopenia?
Drug toxicity, Bone marrow depression, autoimmune dz, chemo, deficiencies
30
What is panic high and low for WBC's?
Low: 30,000
31
where can mature WBCs be stored?
bone marrow
32
when there is an change in the WBC count, do they all ususally change or just one of the types?
ususally only one type of WBC changes its ratio.
33
what is most common reasion for variation in leukocyte count?
change in the number of neutrophils because they are the most numerous.
34
Neutrophils have what charge?
neutral
35
Esinophils have what charge?
basic so they attract redish acid dye.
36
what are the agranulocytes
Lymphocytes (Tcells) and monocytes
37
how do I remember the differential WBC cound?
60,30,6,3,0, Never, Let, Motor, Engines, Blow
38
alternate remember WBC relative abundance?
never let monkeys eat bananas.
39
what is unique about the WBC count in children under 3?
they have more Lymphocytes than neutrophils because of the many childhood dz'z
40
what is absolute ABS nuber of cell type good for?
determineing if patient is truly has something like neutropenia or if its just relative neutropenia because another WBC is elevated
41
what is the primary defense agains microbial invasion?
Neutrophils, (PMN)
42
How long can Neutrophils last?
In bone marrow for 5-7 days, circulate 7 hours and then live inside the tissue or 2 more hours before dieing.
43
what does the neutrophil granules contain?
alkaline phosphatase.
44
What is neutrophil toxic granulation?
Dark puple granules in cytoplasm due to severe infections, like in burn patients
45
What is the shift to the left?
Increase in the band neutrophils (not quite mature) in response to infection.
46
what would cause neutrophils to become hypersegmented?
B12 or folic acid deficiency, goes from 3-5,7
47
what would you think if you saw a macrocidit RBC with hypersegmente neutrophils
B12 or folic acid deficiency
48
what would be evidence of hypersegmentation?
More than 3 cells per 100 with 5 lobes or one with 6 lobes
49
What would cause neutrophilia, increase
Acute infection, Emotional stress, Meylocytic leukemia
50
What would cause neutropenia, decrease
Overwhelming bacterial infection, Addisons dz and chemotherapy
51
what does increased cortisol due to esinophils?
decrease # of esinophils
52
What are esinophils great for
taking out parasites with peroxidase, major basic protein, e-catatonic protein and e-derived neurotoxin.
53
what would increased eosinophils in nasal smeal indicate?
diagnosing allergic rhinits.
54
Increase in Eosinophilia >5%
Parasitic infection, Allergic rxn, hay fever, eczema
55
Decrease- eosinopenia
Cushing syndrome, increase in dortisol, stress, burns
56
Basophils are similar to what
mast cells
57
what can basophils do?
phagocytosis of immune complexes.
58
What do basophils contain
Heparin, Histamine, serotonis, they degraulate in allergic reactions
59
what would cause basophilia >50/mm3
Myleoproliferative dz, granulocytic leukemia, Hodgkins lymphoma
60
What would cause basopenia <20/mm3
Acute phase infection, hyperthyroidism, steroid therapy
61
what are the 3 types of a lymphocytes
T cells, B-cells, Natural killer cells
62
What are the 2 types of agranulocytes
Lymphocytes and monocytes
63
When are atypical lymphcytes seen?
some viral infections, mono, etc
64
what doe a lymphocyte look like?
slightly bigger than RBC and mostly neucleus when normal and inactive
65
What can cause lymphocytosis >4000/mm3
Viral infections, EBV, lymphocytic leukemia
66
What can cause lymphopenia < 1000/mm3
Non lymphocytic leukemias, sepsis, SLE, radiation
67
what does an active lymphocyte look like?
really big, with more cytoplam
68
What does monocyte do?
phagocytosis, engulfing bacteria nad debries from blood
69
three characteristics of a monocyte/macrophage?
Large, no granules, deeply indented nucleus , lots of cytoplasm
70
Monocytois> 500/mm3
EBV, TB, parasites
71
Monopenia < 100
Prednisone, HIB, Hairy cell leukemia
72
increase in band cells is what?
a left shift, with a severe infection, may see a metamyelocyte
73
what are the 3 granulocyte pools?
Bone marrow pool: BMP, Circulating Granulocyte pool: CGP, Marginal granulocyte pool: MGP
74
what can rapid migration of WBCs to tissues cause?
A decrease of WBCs in circulation during early stages, before BMP can catch up.
75
What of the WBC pools can we measure?
we can measure the CGP but not the Marginal granulocyte pool
76
what happens to PMN after it eats something?
it ususally dies
77
what does increase in immature WBCs in circulation indicate?
Either dysregulation of release or increased damand.
78
where are the marginal granulocytes?
in the tissues.
79
what is masked neutrophilia?
When CGP looks normal or low even though the bone marrow is pushing out WBC.s because the tissues are collecting the WBCs
80
what does left shift incidate?
that body is responding effectively to infection
81
Leukomoid reaction?
Non-leukemic WBC count grater than 50,000 with 5% or less metamyelocytes or earlier cells
82
what is leukomoid reaction associated with?
severe bacterial infections, toxic states, marrow replacement by tumor, hemolytic anemia, blood loss.
83
How can leukemoid reaction be identified?
LAP stain, because LAP is high in Leukemoid, shows up dark stained on slide,
84
What is LAP
leukocyte alkaline phosphatase
85
What identifies a leukoerythroblastic reacton?
Defined by presence of both immature WBCs and nucleated RBCs (immagure) in blood.
86
What causes a leukoerythroblastic reaction?
Cancer, Metastatic tumor, leukemia, maybe sever invection
87
What are plateltes for?
Have a primare role in blood clotting, vaso constriction, vascular integrity, and hormone serotinin carrier.
88
what is parent cell for platelet?
megakaryocyte, only in the Bone marrow.
89
what is a platelet?
a cytoplasmic fragment, its not a cell.
90
how long do platelets survive?
7-10 days
91
Where are platlets held in reserve?
25-30% ins the spleen and liver.
92
normal platelte count?
140,000 - 400,000
93
Infant platelet?
200,00-475,000
94
Newborn?
150,00-300,000
95
what happens If platelets are less than 50,000
bleedings
96
what if plateltes are more than 1,000,000
clots
97
what is thrombocytopenia
<150,000 - decreased counts
98
thrombocytosis
>400,000 - increased counts
99
Thrombocythemia
> 1,000,00 - really high counts
100
what causes thrombocytosis?
Malignant disorders, acute infection, post spleenectomy syndrome, RA, Iron Def.
101
why would Iron Def cause increased platelets
the ratio changes, same amount of platelets get made but there are less RBCs overall
102
What would cause thrombocytopenia
Hypersplenism, hemorrhage, leukemia
103
what could be a sign of thrombocytopenia
petechiae and ecchymosis., problem if someone needs surgery
104
Why would a person have increased bleeding if they have really high platelet counts like in thrombocytehmia?
Because all the platelets start clumping together and then there are non left to stop bleeding.
105
what can increase levels of plateltes
high altitudes, increased EPO, exercise, estrogen. Drugs
106
what can falsely decrease platelet count
satellites around wbc., not inverting test tube properly
107
what should be done first if a low platelet count is seen
check it under the microscope.
108
what causes satellitism
EDTA

Lab diagnosis (4 decks)

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