week 8 Sexual Dysfunction, Paraphilic Disorders, and Gender Dysphoria

Question 1

why was the Graham cracker and Kellogs cornflakes invented?

Answer 1

• Believed in order to be healthy, have to have sexual restraint and have a healthy diet and be physically fit
  
  • He developed the graham cracker because he believed bland food could suppress sexual urges
  • Developed corn flakes as another bland food to suppress masturbation

Question 2

outline the sexual response cycle.

Answer 2

stages: desire, arousal, plateau, orgasm, refraction

key info:
- to enter this cycle need to be motivated to engage in sexual behaviour which can arise from various biological or psychological sexual incentive stimuli/cues
- refractory period only for men
- timeframe differs for individuals
- womens desire and arousal often occur together and 1/3 of women report desire follows arousal
- womens biological arousal may not match subjective excitement

Question 3

What did Georgiadis and Kringelbach add to the sexual respnose cycle and why?

Answer 3

added in the overarching wanting, liking and learning phases to highlight the overlapping nature with other rewarding behaviours

Question 4

what % of men and women experience sexual dysfunction, and in how many of them does this cause distress

Answer 4

41% women, 31% men
less than 1/4 may be distressed

Question 5

Male Hypoactive Sexual Desire Disorder

Answer 5

Persistently or recurrently deficient or absent sexual/erotic thoughts or fantasies and desire for sexual activity.

Question 6

Female Sexual Interest/Arousal Disorder

Answer 6

Lack of or significantly reduced sexual interest/arousal, as manifested by 3+ of the
following:
1. Absent/reduced sexual activity
2. Absent/reduced sexual/erotic thoughts or fantasies
3. No/reduced initiation of sexual activity, and typically unreceptive to a partner’s
attempt to initiate
4. Absent/reduced sexual excitement/pleasure during sexual activity in 75-100% of
sexual encounters
5. Absent/reduced sexual interest/arousal in response to any internal or external
sexual/erotic cues
6. Absent/reduced genital or nongenital sensations during sexual activity in 75-100%
of sexual encounters

Question 7

Erectile Disorder

Answer 7

At least one of the following must be experienced 75-100% of
sexual activity occasions
1. Marked difficulty in obtaining an erection during sexual activity
2. Marked difficulty in maintaining an erection until the
completion of sexual activity
3. Marked decrease in erectile rigidity

Question 8

Female Orgasmic Disorder

Answer 8

Presence one of the following during 75-100% of sexual activity
occasions:
1. Marked delay in, marked frequency of, or absence of orgasm.
2. Markedly reduced intensity of orgasmic sensations.

Question 9

Premature Ejaculation Disorder

Answer 9

Persistently or recurrently pattern of ejaculation occurring during partnered sexual activity within 1 minute following vaginal penetration and before the individual wishes it.

Question 10

Delayed Ejaculation Disorder

Answer 10

At least one of the following must be experienced 75-100% of
sexual activity occasions
1. Marked delay in ejaculation
2. Marked infrequency in ejaculation

Question 11

Genito-Pelvic Pain/Penetration Disorder

Answer 11

Persistent or recurrent difficulties with one (or more) of the following:
1. Vaginal penetration during intercourse
2. Marked vulvovaginal or pelvic pain during vaginal intercourse or
penetration attempts
3. Marked fear or anxiety about vulvovaginal or pelvic pain in
anticipation of, during, or as a result of penetration
4. Marked tensing or tightening of the pelvic floor muscles during
attempted vaginal penetration

Question 12

biological predictors of sexual dysfunction

Answer 12

• Smoking
• Heavy drinking
• Cardiovascular problems
• Diabetes
• Neurological diseases
• Low physiological arousal
• SSRI medications
• Antihypertensive medication
• Drug use

Question 13

sociocultural predictors of sexual dysfunction

Answer 13

• Erotophobia: Sexuality is negative and threatening
• Rape or sexual abuse
• Relationship problems
• Long periods of abstinence
• History of hurried sex

Question 14

psychological predictors of sexual dysfunction

Answer 14

• Depression
• Anxiety
• Poor self-esteem
• Uncomfortable environment for sex
• Rigid, narrow attitudes about sex
• Negative thoughts about sex
• Fears about performance and consequences of performance
• Taking a spectator role
• Being overly dependent on routines

Question 15

treatment for sexual dysfunction
(general treatment, master and johnson psychosocial internvention, specific treatment for premature ejaculation, female orgasm disorder, vaginismus, low sexual desire and erectile dysfunction)
erm sorry i wasnt bothered to break this up into seperate slides but if too much can break up

Answer 15

• Education alone can be surprisingly effective
• Couples therapy when relationship problems exist
• Communication training (likes/dislikes)

Masters and Johnson’s psychosocial intervention – Sensate focus
* Phase I: Refrain from intercourse and genital caressing— simply explore and enjoy kissing, hugging, massaging, etc
* Phase II: Genital pleasuring, but orgasm and intercours or banned
* Phase IIIA: Begin penetration—limit depth and time—continue with nongenital pleasuring
* Phase IIIB: Resume full intercourse and thrusting

• Squeeze technique – premature ejaculation
• Masturbatory training – female orgasm disorder
• Use of dilators – vaginismus/genito-pelvic pain/penetration disorder
• Exposure to erotic material – low sexual desire problems
• Erectile dysfunction - viagra lots of side effects so instead Injection of vasodilating drugs into the penis, Vacuum device therapy, Penile prosthesis or implants
• A combination of strategies are generally used

Medications have not been consistently helpful for women

Question 16

what are paraphillic disorders

Answer 16

misplaced sexual attraction and arousal- focused on innapropriate people or objects which Manifest in fantasies, urges, arousal or behaviors
only considered a disorder when: Experiences clinically significant distress or impairement OR Acts on urges with a nonconsenting person

Question 17

When is misplaced sexual attraction/ arousal considered as a paraphillic disorder?

Answer 17

• If it causes significant distress OR the individual acts on urges with a non consenting person

Question 18

Is there comorbidity of paraphilic disorders with other disorders?

Answer 18

• Yes.
• Paraphilia is comorbid amongst themselves
• High comorbidity with anxiety, mood and SUDs

Question 19

When do paraphilias often begin

Answer 19

In adolescence

Question 20

Is paraphilia more common in men or women

Answer 20

Men

Question 21

When do sexual sadism and masochism tend to begin?

Answer 21

Early adulthood, not adolescence

Question 22

What is criterion B and C for paraphilic disorders:

Answer 22

B. must be present for at least 6 months
C. Involves non-consenting person OR clinically significant distress.

Question 23

Frotteuristic disorder

Answer 23

Sexual arousal ab touching or rubbing against a non-consenting person

Question 24

Fetishistic disorder

Answer 24

Sexual arousal from use of non living objects or highly specific focus on non genital body partys (e.g. feet and hair)

Question 25

Voyeuristic disorder

Answer 25

Sexual arousal from obs an unsuspecting person who is naked, in process of derobing or engaging in sexual activity.

Question 26

Exhibitionistic disorder

Answer 26

Sexual arousal from exposure of one's genitals to an unsuspecting person

Question 27

Transvestic disorder

Answer 27

Sexual arousal from cross-dressing

Question 28

Sexual masochism disorder

Answer 28

Sexual arousal from being humiliated, beaten, bound, suffering

Question 29

Sexual sadism disorder

Answer 29

Sexual arousal from physical or psychological suffering of someone else

Question 31

Is sadistic rape a disorder

Answer 31

No

Question 32

Are most rapists sadistic?

Answer 32

No. For most it is about power over someone else, rather than sexual arousal from violent sexual and non sexual material

Question 33

Paedophilic disorder

Answer 33

Sexual arousing fantasies, urges or behaviours involving sexual activity with prepubescent child or children (generally 13 yrs or younger), at least 5 years younger than the individual.