Week 8-Sleep Flashcards

Question

What is Sleep Apnea? | What are the causes

Answer 1

- Muscles and soft tissues in the throat relax and collapse sufficiently to cause a blockage of the airway. Stopping the airflow to our lungs. - Oxygen level in your blood drops - Brain disturbs sleeps -->waken to resume breathing - Often don’t remember awakenings ``` Causes: -Commonly associated with weight -Lifestyle: alcohol, smoking, medicines -Having a large neck/ unusual neck structure Correlation with: -Gender (male) -Age (40+) -Menopause ```

Answer 2

-Different from voluntary or imposed shift in timing of sleep (e.g., shift work; jet lag) Intrinsic: - Seen in blind people, also co-morbid with ADHD, depression or neurodegenerative disease - Altered or disrupted sensitivity to external cues - Delayed sleep phase disorder - Advanced sleep phase disorder - Difficultly in diagnosable disorder vs. subclinical tendencies - Individual differences in tolerance of disparities in circadian synchronisation - Treatment involves light exposure/ melatonin

Answer 3

Narcolepsy is associated with excessive sleep. Reduction in hypocretin.

Answer 4

Our own introspection lack of scientific evidence. 1) Wish fulfilment (Freud)-Unconscious way to express sexual and aggressive fantasies. 2) Physiological function theory:- promote neural development and preserve neural pathways by providing the brain with stimulation 3)Activation – Synthesis Model (Hobson & McCarley) Dreams are products of brain neuron activity in the visual cortex, memory areas, and emotion areas. No external stimulus; so the brain tries to make sense of neuron activity = content of a “dream” - Explains randomness of dreams, does not explain how some dreams have complex narratives - Prefrontal cortex shuts down during REM So, you have fewer inhibitions and don’t question illogical parts of dreams.

Answer 5

1)Restoration (Moruzzi, 1972; Vyazovskiy & Harris, 2013) Sleep involved in clearance of toxic waste products (debris) twice as fast during sleep than wake (Xie et al., 2013) Lymphatic system -Slow oscillations --->short period of rest for all neurons 2) Adaptation (keep us out of trouble! – Meddis, 1975; Seigel, 2009) - Sleep follows our biology:- we don’t see well at night, we are most vulnerable at night - Saves energy - Allows awakening when needed 3) Cognitively beneficial (Walker, 2009) e.g., emotion regulation - Strips memories of emotional tone, non-emotional aspects are strengthened - Retention and consolidation of learnt material (e.g., Born, Stickgold, etc.)

Answer 6

Hippocampus is active whilst we are awake - Place cells in the hippocampus code spatial relations - Place cells are activated in the same order during sleep as during exploring a maze - Rats “dream” running through the maze, place cells firing in a sequential order

Answer 7

Why is sleep so useful for memory? - Lack of interference? - Active consolidation? Is particular sleep better for memory? -REM vs. SWS Confounding variables in sleep studies: - Time of day of learning - Time of day of testing - Alertness - Sleep deprivation, stress and circadian bias

Answer 8

People tested in 2 memory types used standard procedural and declarative memory tasks - mirror tracing - paired-associate learning -Exploited the fact that early sleep is SWS-rich (slow-wave group), and late sleep is REM-rich (see also Karni et al, 1994) -4 groups (sleep/wake), early/late retention interval (different times of date) TESTED LATE OR IN THE MORNING. Distinguish the importance of slow-wave and REM sleep.

Answer 9

- For EARLY retention interval, sleep benefits declarative but not procedural memory (SWS?). Better in the paired associative task compared to late group. Better if they slept vs if they didn't sleep. - For late retention interval, sleep benefits procedural but not declarative memory (REM?)

Answer 10

SLEEP HAS AN EFFECT ON MEMORY CONSOLIDATION. Afternoon vs Evening group - One group learnt and went straight to bed. The other group stayed awake for a longer period of time. - Word-pair (declarative memory task), Finger tapping (procedural memory task). - Those that learnt in the afternoon were better at the word-pair task rather than the evening group. - Finger tapping procedural memory was better for those that learnt in the evening compared to that learnt in the afternoon.

Answer 11

- Show participants pictures in a grid associated with a sound (cat-meow); then they have a nap; then they reactivated the objects in respect to location. Performed better in the cues than non-cues. - Reactivate memories with other senses sound and smell? Presentation of a cue (odour) associated with memory trace during SWS increased consolidation of this memory content. - This didn’t work during REM - Also didn’t generalise to procedural memory Sleep in the scanner- activation in the left hemisphere hippocampus.

Answer 12

Studied naps using visual discrimination task. - Short naps improve performance (SWS not REM) - BUT ONLY, if REM-sleep was present similar effects of a short nap and a whole night‘s sleep

Answer 13

Story-learning environment Wakeful resting better to consolidate memories than awake.

Answer 14

-Sleep after vocabulary learning (German) foster recall Time of learning and sleep deprivation had effect -Sleep deprivation including learning at 8pm, watching TV until 6am -Learnt in the morning or evening, retested in the morning or evening (within subjects)

Week 8-Sleep Flashcards

(38 cards)