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NURS 416 > Week 8b: Renal Disorders > Flashcards

Week 8b: Renal Disorders Flashcards

1
Q

glomerular filtration rate

A

the flow rate of filtered fluid through the kidney

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2
Q

creatinine clearance rate

A

volume of blood plasma that is cleared of creatinine per unit time

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3
Q

what is one method of determining the GFR from the creatinine?

A

a 24 hour urine collection

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4
Q

what are the causes of urinary tract obstruction?

A
  • developmental defects
  • calculi
  • pregnancy
  • BPH
  • scar tissue resulting from inflammation and infection
  • tumours
  • neurological disorders such as spinal cord injury
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5
Q

role of states of urine in urinary obstruction

A

predisposes to infection and stone formation

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6
Q

urinary obstruction can result in the development of?

A

back pressure, which interferes with renal blood flow and destroys kidney tissue

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7
Q

what are the common symptoms of urinary obstruction?

A
  • pain
  • signs and symptoms of UTI
  • manifestations of renal dysfunction
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8
Q

what are the requirements for kidney stone formation?

A
  • a nidus to form

- a urinary environment that supports continued crystallization of stone components

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9
Q

what are some preventative treatments for kidney stones?

A
  • dietary restriction
  • calcium salt supplementation for oxalate stones
  • thiazide diuretics for calcium stones
  • cellulose phosphate (Ca absorption)
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10
Q

signs and symptoms of kidney stones

A
  • renal colic pain that dull and aching, located in the back and radiates to the pelvis/scrotum and increases with high liquid intake
  • nausea and vomiting
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11
Q

characteristics of glomerulonephritis

A
  • hematuria with red cell casts
  • diminished GFR
  • Azotemia (nitrogenous waste in the blood)
  • oliguria
  • hypertension
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12
Q

what are the causes of glomerulonephritis?

A

diseases that provoke a proliferative inflammatory response of the endothelial mesangial or epithelial cells of the glomeruli

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13
Q

nephritic syndromes

A
  • begins with acute inflammation of the glomerulus causing glomerular damage
  • sudden onset hematuria, variable degrees of proteinuria, diminished GFR, oliguria and signs of impaired renal function
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14
Q

acute post infectious glomerulonephritis

A

occurs after infection group A beta hemolytic streptococci

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15
Q

rapidly progressive glomerulonephritis

A

signs of severe glomerular injury with no specific cause

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16
Q

nephrotic syndrome manifestations

A

massive proteinuria, lipiduria, hypoalbuminemia, generalized edema, hyperlipidemia

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17
Q

hypertensive nephropathy

A

prolonged glomerular hypertension causes glomerular hyperfiltration, forcing proteins and cells through the glomerular membrane resulting in glomerular inflammation

18
Q

proximal and distal tubular acidosis results in?

A

metabolic acidosis with a normal anion gap

19
Q

acute pyelonephritis

A

infection of the upper urinary tract, specifically the renal parenchyma and the renal pelvis

20
Q

signs and symptoms of pyelonephritis

A
  • abrupt onset of shaking chills
  • moderate to high fever
  • constant ache in the loin area of the back
  • lower UTI symptoms
  • malaise
  • nausea and vomiting
  • pain on palpation or percussion over the costovertebral angle
21
Q

chronic pyelonephritis

A

progressive process that results in scarring and deformation of the calyces and pelvis

22
Q

which drugs can cause crystal formation?

A

sulfanomides and vit C

23
Q

chronic analgesic nephritis

A

analgesic abuse results in interstitial nephritis with renal papillary necrosis

24
Q

prerenal

A

sudden or severe drop in blood pressure or interruption of blood flow to the kidneys from severe injury or illness

25
Q

intrarenal

A

direct damage to the kidneys by inflammation, toxins drugs, infection or reduced blood supply

26
Q

post renal

A

sudden obstruction of urine flow due to enlarged prostate, kidney stones, bladder tumour or injury

27
Q

signs and symptoms of acute renal failure

A
  • high serum Cr, urea and BUN
  • decreased GFR
  • electrolyte imbalances
  • low specific gravity (non-concentrated urine)
  • presence of protein and blood cells in the urine
  • decreasing overall urine output
  • hypertension, edema
28
Q

Mild reduction of GFR

A

60 to 89 mL/min/1.73 m2

29
Q

Moderate reduction of GFR

A

30 to 59 mL/min/1.73 m2

30
Q

Severe reduction in GFR

A

15 to 29 mL/min/1.73 m2

31
Q

Kidney failure with a GFR

A

< 15 mL/min/1.73 m2

32
Q

Clinical manifestations of chronic renal failure

A
  • Accumulation of nitrogenous wastes
  • Alterations in water, electrolyte and acid-base balance
  • Mineral and skeletal disorders
  • Anemia and coagulation disorders
  • Hypertension and alterations in cardiovascular function
  • Gastrointestinal disorders
  • Neurologic complications
  • Disorders of skin integrity
  • Immunologic disorders
33
Q

symptoms associated with uraemia

A 
Fatigue/weakness
N&V
Pruritus, uremic frost
Serositis
Peripheral neuropathy
Uremic encephalopathy: confusion, apathy
34
Q

stage 1

A

Kidney damage with normal renal function GFR >90 ml/min but with proteinuria (3 months or more

35
Q

stage 2

A

Kidney damage with mild loss of renal function GFR 60-89 ml/min with proteinuria (3 months or more)

36
Q

stage 3

A

Mild-to-severe loss of renal function GFR 30-59 mL/min

37
Q

stage 4

A

Severe loss renal function GFR 15-29 mL/min

38
Q

stage 5

A

End stage renal disease GRF less 15 mL/min

39
Q

normal GFR

A

> 90ml/min

40
Q

what GFR indicates kidney failure

A

less than 15

41
Q

what GFR indicates kidney disease?

A

15 to 60

42
Q

what GFR indicates normal kidney function

A

60-120

NURS 416 (17 decks)

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