Week 9-12 Flashcards

Question

Paranthropus robustus

Answer 1

* found in Swarktrans and Kromdrai, South Africa * lived 2-1.5 mya * like East African australopithecines * similar features as P. boisei, but not as large * 490 cc cranial capacity

Answer 2

* like East African robust australopithecines * small cranial capacities * large broad faces * large molars and premolars

Answer 3

P. aethiopicus and P. robustus

Answer 4

P. boisei has smaller incisors and canines, heavier mandible, and an even shorter and broader face

Answer 5

dietary behaviour

Answer 6

* called lomekwian tool tradition * tools recently found on west bank of Turkana Lake in Kenya * 3.3 mya * stone tools with human processing (ex. large cutting board, anvils, cores, flakes) * unique production method and style

Answer 7

A. afarensis or Kenyanthropus platyops

Answer 8

* adaptive radiation of hominins in Pliocene * like ape radiation in Miocene

Answer 9

A. africanus and P. robustus

Answer 10

A. garhi and P. aethiopicus in E. Africa

Answer 11

Gracile and robust austropithecines occupy different dietary niches to avoid competition

Answer 12

developed a very specialized diet (eating varieties of foods) and went extinct

Answer 13

Gracile australopithecine

Answer 14

* A. garhi, A. afarensis, A. africanus or A. sediba * oldest Homo species from 2.5 mya

Answer 15

increased cranial capacity (500-800 cc; mean=630ml) vs. 450 for gracile and 500 for robust australopithecines

Answer 16

* larger front teeth relative to back teeth * narrower premolars * small browridge * smaller face than Australopithecus and similar bipedal characteristics * reduced molars * foramen magnum more anterior * short and broad pelvis * arch in foot

Answer 17

* larger brain * smaller canines * less prognathism * parabolic dental region * made and used stone tools

Answer 18

* strange body proportions with longer arms * longer arms than A. afarensis * upper limbs longer and thinner * femur smaller and less robust

Answer 19

* first definite association of a hominin with stone tools (australopithecines may have used durable tools, but no evidence found) * from around 2.5 mya

Answer 20

* "cores and flakes" * used crude tools that look like rocks * have a few chips knocked off rock to make a sharp edge

Answer 21

* they imply ability of maker to imagine the tool he wants from looking at the stone, and picture the process needed * attests to cognitive ability of toolmaker

Answer 22

* cores for pounding * flakes for cutting

Answer 23

tools show microwear: they were used for cutting and skinning meat, hammering bone, preparing vegetables, grasses, and wood

Answer 24

Robust australopithecines for about 1ma

Answer 25

* two specimens may be same species showing lots of variation or two different species * KNM-ER 1813 and KNM-ER 1470 * KNM-ER 1813: 510cc, smaller face and less projecting teeth than australopithecines * medium-size brain and derived facial morphology

Answer 26

* KNM-ER 1470: larger cranium but more projecting face (named as H. rudolfensis by some) * larger brain (775 cc) but primitive facial morphology * may be two H. habilis fossils OR H. habilis and H. rudolfensis

Answer 27

* high degree of sexual dimorphism * high degree of variation within species

Answer 28

* much less variation within species (less than gorilla) * we will group all as H. habilis

Answer 29

Homo erectus spanning over 1.5my

Answer 30

Africa, Europe, Asia

Answer 31

Pleistocene (1.8 Mya – 10 kya)

Answer 32

1. Kenyanthropus platyops → Homo rudolfensis → Homo erectus 2. Australopithecus sp. → Homo habilis → Homo erectus 3. Australopithecus sp. → Homo habilis AND Homo rudolfensis AND Homo erectus (Adaptive radiation)

Answer 33

2. Australopithecus sp. → Homo habilis → Homo erectus

Answer 34

H. sapiens

Answer 35

East Asian groups

Answer 36

* 1.8 Mya - 10 kya * much of northern hemisphere covered with enormous masses of ice * 15 major and 50 minor glaciations in Europe

Answer 37

* radical shifts in climate, flora and fauna in Eurasia * less rain during glacial periods, more rain between them * glaciers would block route out of Africa due to desert expansion * significant period for hominins

Answer 38

* in 1891 in Indonesia (Trinil, Java) * 1.8 mya * skull cap & femur found * “Java Man” * By Eugene Dubois

Answer 39

* other finds in Indonesia and China (1.8 ma) * East Africa (1.8-1.6 ma) * Europe (700 ka) * H. erectus found in Asia 1.8 ma suggests first hominin dispersal out of Africa 1.5-2 ma

Answer 40

* mean cranial capacity = 900cc * H. erectus shows 25 - 40% increase in brain size from H. habilis (500-800cc) * prominent supraorbital ridge * receding narrow frontal bone * keel at midline

Answer 41

similar to H. sapiens

Answer 42

* different from h. sapiens * not as encephalized (increase doesn't match complexity compared to body size)

Answer 43

* dramatic increase in body size * robust bodies with heavy builds (cold temps) * longer legs, shorter arms (like modern humans) * a committed terrestrial biped * >100 lbs, mean adult height of 5’6” * sexual dimorphism (20%)

Answer 44

robust australopithecines that had robust crania

Answer 45

* distinctive shape due to increased body size/robusticity * thick cranial bones * lemon shape at back of skull * thick cranial bones * large brow ridges – supraorbital torus * little forehead development

Answer 46

* long, low cranial vault * cranium wider at base than earlier or later hominins * cranium widest below ear opening * sagittal ridge: small ridge along midline of skull

Answer 47

nuchal torus where neck muscles are attached

Answer 48

* teeth like modern H. sapiens * intermediate in size between H. habilis and H. sapiens * back teeth in size range of H. sapiens * shovel - shaped incisors (scooped out appearance in Asian pop) * may relate to food processing, but no proof

Answer 49

* earliest H. erectus from 2 mya * fragments of upper part of skull * 2-3 years old * 2.04 – 1.95 mya * small cranial capacity of ~550 cc

Answer 50

* complete skull with no mandible * 1.8 mya * cranial capacity ~850cc (small) * not surprising given that one of oldest H. erectus fossils * probably female * thick brow ridges

Answer 51

* second most complete fossil * 12 year old boy (approx. 9-12) * young adolescent stage of development * 5’6” (would have been 6’ as adult) * cranial capacity at adulthood ~909 cc

Answer 52

* H. erectus has longer legs than A. afarensis * H. erectus postcrania are more like H. sapiens than A. afarensis * body size and proportions, chest shape

Answer 53

* after speciation 2mya * out of Africa 2-1.8 mya, through SW Asia * migration: small groups split off in search of resources * last stop Java (at the time was connected to mainland SE Asia by a landbridge)

Answer 54

* increase in population numbers * adaptive flexibility to exploit different habitats * following big game * curious

Answer 55

* in Georgia, Indonesia, China * must have colonized Asia relatively quickly after evolving in Africa

Answer 56

Georgia 1.9-1.78 mya according to absolute dating

Answer 57

* look like E. African H. erectus * mandible discovered in 1991 has most postcranial remains plus complete dentition, but no crania

Answer 58

* small faces and jaws * variable browridges depending on skull * less developed browridges (still big) overall, but one skull has huge browridges * cranial capacity of 650cc (smallest for H. erectus)

Answer 59

* similar to Oldowan core and flake industries in E. Africa * simple re-touching of tools * no new tool technologies

Answer 60

* most fossils from 800 kya * one is 1.8 ma, one is 1.6 ma * cranial capacity of skullcap 940cc * prominent supraorbital ridge * receding narrow frontal bone * keel at midline

Answer 61

* cranial capacities = 813 – 1059cc * oldest fossils are >1ma, others are 0.6-1 ma

Answer 62

* cranial capacity - 1150 cc * supraorbital torus has double arch shape * occipital and nuchal plane same size * called “Solo Man” because found near Solo River * dating controversial - 50-25 Kya? * very late survival of H. erectus in Java? * may have lived at same time as H. sapiens * no artifacts found, so little known about way of life

Answer 63

* Mammalian bones (“dragon bones”) had been used historically in Chinese medicine * fossils shipped to NYC when Japan invaded China in 1933, but went missing and never found * largest number of specimens from one site * from less than 700kya (700-250ka) * “Peking Man” from 578 kya * skullcaps and stone tools found in same layer * 40-45 individuals

Answer 64

* 40% of bones from individuals less than 14 yo * 2% from individuals over 50

Answer 65

* typical H. erectus features * supraorbital torus * nuchal torus * sagittal ridge * protruding face * shovel-shaped incisors

Answer 66

* indicate site was occupied for 250ka intermittently * earliest tools are crude, but more refined over time * mostly choppers (Oldowan) * retouched flakes made into scrapers and points * used stone, bone, and horn * antler used as hammers and sharp edges as digging sticks * deer skulls with evidence of whittling and only braincase intact – used as drinking bowls

Answer 67

* remains of deer, horse bones, ostrich eggs, and seeds * likely hunter-gatherers * some bone tools appear to be needles * likely wore clothes * lived in cold environment

Answer 68

* first species to create fire * layers of ash in Zhoukodian cave * Also found at other sites in Africa and Europe * more likely campfires rather than natural fires * 599-240kya at Zhoukodian, 1.6 ma at Koobi Fora, Swartkans 1.5-1ma * likely first species to make and use fire * fire provides warmth and also meant cooking with heat * major change to lifestyle

Answer 69

* bigger brains and more advanced tool technologies than H. habilis * used other durable materials for tools besides stone * capable of controlling and making fire * likely wore clothing * likely were hunters and gatherers

Answer 70

* used in Africa, Asia, and Europe by Homo erectus * oldest from 1.4 ma in Africa, persisted there, W. Europe, and SW Asia for 1ma

Answer 71

E. Europe or E. Asia

Answer 72

* theoretical line drawn across N. India, proposed by archaeologist Hallam Movius * technological difference between tool technologies of H. erectus in east and west

Answer 73

Acheulian tool technologies

Answer 74

Oldowan tool technologies

Answer 75

lack of appropriate materials to make rocks which stopped the practice of tool making

Answer 76

* may be a transitional species between early Homo and modern Homo sapiens * modern-sized brain with primitive looking cranial morphology reminiscent of Homo erectus * A LOT of variation * “wastebasket” classification category * dont fit intp erectus, Neanderthal or sapiens * Africa, Eurasia, Australasia * 400 – 130 kya

Answer 77

* H. heidelbergensis * H. antecessor * H. rhodesensis * H. helmi * H. rudolfensis

Answer 78

* large supraorbital torus (brow ridges) * thick neurocranial bones * no chin * total facial prognathism

Answer 79

* large brain (1220 cc avg) * tendency toward rounder occipital bone in skull * supraorbital torus arched over each eye * decrease in cranial and post-cranial robusticity from H. erectus

Answer 80

* smaller molars * retromolar gap (Neanderthals): space behind last tooth

Answer 81

* found from 150,000 - 125,000 ya * erectus traits: supraorbital torus long low cranial vault * modern traits: cranial capacity: 1280-1285 cc, thinner cranial bones

Answer 82

* Zhoukodian and Dali sites * from 200,000 ya * H. erectus features: small cranial capacity (1120 ml), sagittal ridge and flattened nasal bones * H. sapiens features: thin cranial bones

Answer 83

* Many between 400,000 - 150,000 ya * transitional features; mixture of H. erectus and modern H. sapiens traits

Answer 84

Neanderthals

Answer 85

* thick cranial bones * less round cranial vaults * cranium widest below ears * similar postcranial skeletons * these middle Pleistocene European hominins are too primitive to be considered modern H. sapiens or Neanderthal

Answer 86

* Africa and Asia: trend towards modern H.sapiens traits * Europe: trend towards Neanderthal traits

Answer 87

* tools used by middle Pleistocene hominins are similar to those used by Homo erectus * Acheulean hand axes still dominate the tool kit in most places * Tools use started to change around 250 kya everywhere except E. Asia * Hand axes become less common

Answer 88

* replaced by tools made from large flakes that were then further shaped by the Levallois technique * Levallois method controlled flake size and shape: scraper, point, spearhead * more sophisticated tool technology * In Asia, Oldowan tool kit still used

Answer 89

* required several steps, suggested increased cognitive abilities * shift in tool culture not associated with any morphological change in hominins * appeared at around same time in Africa and Europe even though hominins living in those regions were morphologically different

Answer 90

* caves and open-air sites, but probably increased use of caves * used and controlled fire

Answer 91

* shelter against cave wall * base supported by rocks and bones * skins hung over poles * 2 hearths inside structure * fished for trout and carp * ate many foods * used seaweed as bedding * around 130kya

Answer 92

* short-term visits to shelters * seasonal occupation * evidence of post holes and multiple shelters * 400kya

Answer 93

* up for debate: may have been more or less advanced * two sites show evidence of advanced hunting abilities

Answer 94

large mammal skeletal remains in association with stone flakes

Answer 95

* wooden spears next to mammal bones * spears were constructed to be thrown * from 400 kya

Answer 96

* early Homo led to Homo erectus and archaic Homo * Neanderthals and modern H. sapiens branched off from one another * Neanderthals are evolutionary dead end * lived 130-35 kya

Answer 97

* appeared in Europe 130kya and had drastic expansion * lived in W. Europe, Israel, Near East * first discovered in 1856 in Neander Valley, Germany – very robust first specimen found * lived approx. 130-35 kya, but some specimens as old as 300ky found

Answer 98

* robust first fossil find led to stereotypes of Neanderthals as “big, stupid brutes” * current popular reconstructions suggest they were much more like modern humans

Answer 99

* large cranial capacity: 1250-1700ml, average 1500 * even larger than modern H. sapiens * also has increased body size compared to modern humans * increased size may be due to increased metabolic efficiency in cold climate * ex. modern Inuit have larger bodies and brain sizes, and are cold-adapted

Answer 100

* very large nasal aperture * more surface area to warm air * large infraorbital foramina (large holes located beneath the eye orbits) * allowed for more blood flow to face to prevent frostbite * stocky trunk and short limbs retain heat * bodies follow (Bergmann’s and Allen’s Rule

Answer 101

* smaller bodies are adapted to hot environments (ex. birds) * larger bodies are adapted to cold environments (ex. Neanderthals)

Answer 102

* an animal’s limb lengths are heat-related limbs are * longer in hot environments and shorter in cold environments (ex. Neanderthals)

Answer 103

* cranium was large, long, low and bulging at sides * thin cranial bones * occipital bun (bun-shaped occipital bone in rear of cranium) * low forehead that rises more vertically than H. erectus * arched brow ridges * midfacial prognathism * lack of chin

Answer 104

* ~1520 cc * bigger temporal bulge * more prognathism * retromolar gap (space behind molars) * worn incisors – teeth may have functioned as tools * decreased molar size

Answer 105

* ~1350 cc * smaller bulge * less prognathism * no retromolar gap * incisors not worn * increased molar size compared to body size

Answer 106

* retromolar gap * heavily worn (and large) incisors * decreased molar size

Answer 107

* robust, muscular bodies * short and stocky – 5’5’’ avg. male, 5’1’’ avg. female height * rib cage larger and more barrel-shaped * weight-bearing joints are larger * shorter and thicker limbs * weighed around 30% more than humans of comparable height * similar body type to humans that do heavy throwing (ex. shot put)

Answer 108

* nearly complete skeleton in flexed position * bones and tools placed around body (burial) * 55 ky * older male – indicates longer lifespan and care for elders * ~1620 cc * arched brows * occipital bun

Answer 109

* Easternmost Neanderthal discovery * 9 year old boy * deliberately buried * surrounded by 5 pairs of wild goat horns, indicating burial ritual

Answer 110

* 9 individuals * deliberate burials (buried with flowers)

Answer 111

* he had injuries: fractured eye socket (probably blind) and foot * to survive, he was likely helped by others in group which shows evidence of care for elderly and disabled

Answer 112

Neanderthals

Answer 113

* evidence of burials from 90-100 kya * evidence from across Neanderthal sites * placed in grave in curled up, flexed position * used grave goods in burials: stone tools, animal bones, flowers, stone slabs on top of burials * indicates symbolic behaviour

Answer 114

* remains of animal bones show they were successful hunters * many stone tools found with animal bones, especially parts of animal with most meat * were selective about animal species hunted and killed prime-aged animals (not old or sick animals)

Answer 115

* ate meat, berries, nuts, other plants * isotope study shows heavy reliance on meat for diet

Answer 116

* had only short-range hunting weapons, so had to get close to prey and risk serious injury * used spears rather than projectiles * high proportion of head and neck injuries * close encounters with large animals, like modern rodeo performers

Answer 117

* wore clothes (for warmth in the harsh climate) * developed methods of curing skins * no evidence of needles, so clothes were probably very simple * fire regularly used (for cooking, warmth, light, keeping predators away)