Week 9

Question 1

What are the 2 types of tumors?

Answer 1

Benign and malignant

Question 2

Why are benign tumors benign?

Answer 2

They are encapsulated

Question 3

How do tumors damage the brain? (2 ways)

Answer 3

Compression and infiltration

Question 4

Explain primary versus secondary CNS tumors

Answer 4

Primary tumors start in the CNS and secondary tumors metastasize to the brain

Question 5

What are the most common strains of cancer to cause secondary brain tumors?

Answer 5

Lung and breast cancer

Question 6

What is the most severe form of tumor grading?

Answer 6

Grade 4

Question 7

What are the most common primary brain tumors?

Answer 7

Gliomas (which include astrocytomas and glioblastoma multiforme (GBM)) and meningiomas

Question 8

What are the treatments for tumors?

Answer 8

Surgical resection (partial and full), radiation, chemotherapy

Question 9

Definition of seizures

Answer 9

A period of sudden, excessive activity of cerebral neurons (dysfunction in electric neurons)

Question 10

What are the 2 types of seizures?

Answer 10

Partial/focal and generalized

Question 11

What are the types of partial/focal seizures?

Answer 11

Simple partial
Complex partial

Question 12

What are the types of generalized seizures?

Answer 12

Tonic-clonic (grand-mal)
Absence (petit-mal)
Atonic (drop seizure)

Question 13

What are the phases of a tonic-clonic seizure?

Answer 13

Aura stage, tonic stage, clonic stage, postictal stage

Question 14

What makes up the ictal stage?

Answer 14

Tonic and clonic stages

Question 15

What are the most common mental health issues resulting from epilepsy?

Answer 15

ADHD, anxiety, and aggression

Question 16

What is a prion disease?

Answer 16

Occurs when prion protein, found throughout the body, begins folding into an abnormal three-dimensional shape

Question 17

Types of prion diseases?

Answer 17

Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease
Kuru disease

Question 18

What is the definition for Parkinson’s disease?

Answer 18

Caused by the degeneration of dopamine-secreting neurons in the substantia nigra that send axon to the basal ganglia; a deficiency of automatic, habitual, controlled motor responses

Question 19

Symptoms of Parkinson’s

Answer 19

Dystonia
Bradykinesia
Shuffling gait
Face masking
Tremors (pill rolling tremor)

Question 20

Definition for Huntington’s Disease

Answer 20

Inherited disease resulting in degeneration of the basal ganglia

Question 21

Typical age of onset of HD

Answer 21

30-50 years old

Question 22

How many CAG repetitions have to occur for HD to occur?

Answer 22

36+

Question 23

What is the definition for ALS?

Answer 23

Degenerative disorder that attacks spinal cord and cranial nerve motor neurons (brain and brainstem) leads to brain and muscle connection loss

Question 24

Symptoms of ALS?

Answer 24

Progressive weakness and muscular atrophy
Eye movements are spared
Eventual loss of speech and swallow with paralysis

Question 25

What is the breakdown of sporadic versus inherited cases of ALS?

Answer 25

90% sporadic and 10% inherited

Question 26

Typical age of onset of ALS

Answer 26

Late 50's

Question 27

Definition of multiple sclerosis

Answer 27

Autoimmune demyelinating disease; at scattered locations within the CNS, the person’s immune system attacks myelin sheaths, leaving behind hard patches of debris called sclerotic plaques

Question 28

Typical age of onset of MS

Answer 28

20's to 30's

Question 29

Risk factors for MS

Answer 29

More common in females than males Living far from the equator Black or white race Smoking

Question 30

What are the 4 types of MS?

Answer 30

Relapsing-remitting (RRMS) Secondary progressive (SPMS) Primary progressive (PPMS) - symptoms start and just continue to progress Progressive-relapsing (PRMS)

Question 31

What are causes of meningitis?

Answer 31

Virus Bacteria Fungus Parasite

Question 32

What is the etiology of meningitis?

Answer 32

Spread of middle-ear infection to the brain Head injury Embolus from the heart that dislodges from bacterial infection IV drug use increases risk

Question 33

Definition of dementia

Answer 33

An umbrella term for loss of memory and other thinking ability severe enough to interfere with daily life

Question 34

Types of dementia

Answer 34

Alzheimer's disease Vascular dementia Demential with Lewy Body disease Fronto-temporal dementia

Question 35

What are the 3 types of fronto-temporal dementia?

Answer 35

Behavioral variant Primary progressive aphasia Movement disorders

Question 36

What are risk factors for schizophrenia?

Answer 36

Older paternal age Atypical prenatal development (influenza, prematurity, preeclampsia, gestational diabetes) Poor social adjustment and academic performance Deficient psychomotor functioning (developmental milestones)

Question 37

Physical abnormalities of those with schizophrenia?

Answer 37

High-steepled palate Partial webbing of two middle toes Especially wide or narrow-set eyes

Question 38

What are some antipsychotic side effects?

Answer 38

Tardive dyskinesia Akathisia Pseudo-Parkinsonism Acute dystonia