Week 9

Question 1

What is a primary goal of clinicians and older adults

Answer 1

Sustaining cognitive vitality

Question 2

What does sustaining cognitive vitality

Answer 2

Esures independence of older adults
Improves quality of life
Saves cost to healthcare systems

Question 3

What can the aging brain be considered

Answer 3

Malleable/plastic and thus can be trained to improve cognitive functioning or delay cognitive decline

Question 4

Where does the evidence of brain mallebility come from

Answer 4

Stroke patients

Question 5

What is another evidence for brain malleability

Cognitive Reserves

Answer 5

Highly educated people experience alzheimers disease much later in life than uneducated people because education related mental activities create cognitive reserves
Indviduals with higher cognitive reserves experience cognitive decline much later in life

Question 6

What do observational studies show between frequency of mental and cognitive decline

Answer 6

An inverse relationship

Question 7

What domains are cognitive training is thought stimulate the brain

Answer 7

In memory speed and reasoning

Question 8

What is the mnemonic techniques

Answer 8

Involves training to encode retain and retrieve information a trained instructor teaches the mnemonic exercises over several weeks

Question 9

What are some typical strategies of this

Answer 9

Organzing words into categories- for purpose of recalling words
Waving words into coherent stories
Creating visual images of events places and names

Question 10

What is mindfulness meditation

Answer 10

Meditation is a form of cognitive tranning believed to be capable of delaying cognitive decline in older adults

Question 11

What is meditation said to do

Answer 11

Perserve brain tissues or reduce tissue decline in the hippocampus leads to tissue gain in the hippocampus also increases gray matter in the brain and improves working memory concentration and attention

Question 12

What are computer games

Answer 12

Some computer games are a form of brain fitness traning
Level of diffculty is manaully or digitally adjusted

Question 13

What are three strategies for memory training

Answer 13

Mnemonic techniques
Mindfulness meditation
Computer games

Question 14

What are three ways to improve reasoning

Answer 14

Games and puzzels
Arts and Crafts

Question 15

What does reasoning traning focus on

Answer 15

Improving problem solving skills by triggering the mind to focus and think critically and logically

Question 16

What are some examples of reasoning traning

Answer 16

Puzzels board games but they have to be easy to understand and designes with appropriate levelof difficult
Evidence suggests reasoning traning improves capacity for instrumental activites of daily living

Question 17

What are some examples of Arts and Crafts have on older people

Answer 17

Createive thinking attenion and concentration serving as a source of mental stimulation
Also known to increase intellectual functiong and delay the onsent of dementia
Foster social connection and improve emotional wellbeing

Question 18

What about processing speed traning

Answer 18

Focuses on improving abilities for multi-tasking required activites such as driving

Question 19

What is the driving simulator traning

Answer 19

Particpants are trained on practiced driving sessions on a computer over several weeks

Question 20

What do trained particpants often report

Answer 20

Fewer accidents and fewer traffic violations than untrained older drivers indivation superior attention and processing speed

Question 21

What is a useful field of view

Answer 21

Is a measure of visual processing speed it is the total area from which information can visually be extracted without eye and head movement

Question 22

What is UFOV considered

Answer 22

A reliable predictor driving abilities and crash risk among older adults

Question 23

How can be UFOV performance be improved

Answer 23

By a computer-based training program evidence suggests older adults trained in UFOV are less involved in automobile accidents trained individuals also have a reduced risk of driving cessation

Question 24

What is the design of the Active trial case study

Answer 24

Multisite randomized controlled trial conducted in the US it is the largest cognitive traning RCT 2,902 indepedent living older adults across 6 sites all participants had good cognitive status there were 10 traning sessions for each cognitive domain 60-75 minues per session with assessments at baseline and a t 5 year follow-up

Question 25

What did the cognitve traning inteventions target in the ACTIVE trial

Answer 25

Improvements in memory, reasoning and processing speed

Question 26

What did the trial consist of groups

Answer 26

3 intervention groups one each for memory, reasoning, and processing speed and one control

Question 27

What did each intervention groups focus on

Answer 27

Memory training involved teaching to organize and visualize words/texts Reasoning training involved teaching to find patterns in series of series of words or letters Processing speed involved visual search for objects and divided attention on computer screen

Question 28

What were the findings of the study

Answer 28

At year 5 all groups both intervention and control groups reported cognitive decline The decline was more dramatic in the control group At year 5 the intervention groups reported higher scores in all 3 cognitve domains All 3 intervention groups reported less diffculty performing instrumental activities of daily living than the control group

Question 29

What are the limitations of mental traning in regards to gray matter

Answer 29

Gains in gray matter decrease when training ceases, leading researchers to conclude that traning only delays cognitive decline but does not reverse or prevent it

Question 30

What has research reported gains gains in

Answer 30

Only domains for which traning was recieved there is limited evidence of transfer to other cognitive domains (memory traning tends to produce improvements in only memory but not reasoning and processing speed)

Question 31

What else could brain traning be

Answer 31

Effortful boring an ddreadful task and gains might be offset by dreadful thoughts of performing tasks

Question 32

What has happened despite these limitations

Answer 32

Some cognitive training programs have been commercialized with business insisting on the cognitive benefits of these programs

Question 33

What are types of memory traning

Answer 33

Mnemonic techniques Mindfulness meditation Computer games

Question 34

What are types of ways to improve reasoning

Answer 34

Games and puzzels Arts and Crafts

Question 35

What is the processing speed traning

Answer 35

Driving simulator training UFOV training