week 9 Flashcards
(176 cards)
1
Q
What vertebral level is the location of the kidneys?
A
T12-L3
2
Q
What is the entrance to the renal sinus located on the concave medial margin of each kidney?
A
Renal hilum
3
Q
What do structures that serve the kidney (vessels, arteries, veins) enter and exit through?
A
Renal sinus
4
Q
What is the expansion of the superior end of the ureters?
A
Renal pelvis
5
Q
What is continuous with the ureter?
A
Apex of the renal pelvis
6
Q
The renal pelvis receives {major or minor} calices.
A
Major
7
Q
What is each calyx indented by?
A
Renal papilla
8
Q
What is the apex of renal pyramid?
A
Renal papilla
9
Q
What is urine excreted from within the kidneys?
A
Renal papilla
10
Q
What vertebral level do the ureters start?
A
L1
11
Q
What separates the posterior part of the kidneys from the 12th pair of ribs and pleural cavities?
A
Diaphragm
12
Q
Which muscles are associated with the posterior inferior parts of the kidneys?
A
Psoas major and quadratus lumborum
13
Q
Which nerves descend diagonally across the posterior surfaces of the kidneys?
A
Subcostal, iliohypogastric, and ilioinguinal
14
Q
What separates the right kidney from the liver?
A
Hepatorenal recess
15
Q
Where are the 3 constrictions of the ureters?
A
Uteropelvic junction, crossing the pelvic brim and passage through the bladder wall
16
Q
Where are suprarenal glands attached?
A
Crura of diaphragm
17
Q
What makes the right gland of the suprarenal glands different from the left?
A
More apical/pyramid in shape
Lies Anterolateral to the right crus of diaphragm
Contacts the IVC anteromedially
Contacts the liver Anterolaterally
18
Q
What makes the left gland of the suprarenal glands different from the right gland?
A
Crescent shaped
Related to spleen, stomach, pancreas, left crus of diaphragm
19
Q
What is the suprarenal cortex derived from?
A
Mesoderm
20
Q
What does the suprarenal cortex secrete?
A
Corticosteroids and androgens
21
Q
What does the suprarenal cortex make the kidneys do?
A
Retain sodium and water in response to stress, increasing BV and BP
22
Q
What organs do the suprarenal cortex affect?
A
Heart and lung
23
Q
What is the suprarenal medulla derived from?
A
Neural crest cells
24
Q
Which part of the suprarenal gland has chromaffin cells?
A
Suprarenal medulla
25
What do chromaffin cells secrete?
Epinephrine (catecholamines)
26
What are the hormones that the suprarenal medulla secrete?
Epinephrine and norepinephrine
27
What vertebral level do the renal arteries and veins arise at?
IVD of L1 and L2
28
Which renal artery passes posterior to the IVC?
Right
29
Where do the superior suprarenal arteries arise from?
Inferior phrenic artery
30
Where do the middle suprarenal arteries arise from?
Aorta
31
Where do the inferior suprarenal arteries arise from?
Renal arteries
32
Where does the right suprarenal vein drain?
IVC
33
Where does the left suprarenal vein drain?
Left renal vein (often with the inferior phrenic vein)
34
What conducts urine from the bladder to the exterior?
Urethra
35
How does urine pass down the ureters?
Peristaltic contractions
36
Where are the ureters located?
Kidney to bladder
37
Which part of the bladder points toward superior edge of pubic symphysis?
Apex
38
Which part of the bladder is opposite the apex?
Fundus
39
Which part of the bladder is between apex and fundus and makes up the main portion of the bladder?
Body
40
Which part of the bladder is where the fundus and inferolateral surfaces meet?
Neck
41
Which muscle contracts the walls of the bladder?
Detrusor
42
Is the internal urethral sphincter voluntary or involuntary?
Involuntary
43
Which sphincter contracts during ejaculation to prevent retrograde (backflow) ejaculation of semen into bladder?
Internal urethral sphincter
44
Is the external urethral sphincter voluntary or involuntary?
Voluntary
45
In males, what is the only structure that passes between ureters and peritoneum?
Ductus deferens
46
What are the most constant arteries supplying the terminal parts of the ureters in females?
Uterine arteries
47
What are the most constant arteries supplying the terminal parts of the ureters in males?
Inferior vesical arteries
48
Where is the bladder located when it's empty?
Lesser pelvis
49
What separates the bladder from the pubic bones?
Retropubic space
50
What firmly holds the neck of the bladder in place?
Lateral ligaments of bladder and Tendinous arch of pelvic fascia
51
What firmly holds the anterior part of the neck of the bladder in males and females?
Males- puboprostatic ligament
Females- pubovesical ligament
52
What is an important part of supporting the bladder laterally in females?
Paracolpium
53
True or false- in children, an empty urinary bladder is located in the abdomen.
True
54
What are the two muscles that contract the inferolateral surfaces of the bladder?
Levator ani and superior obturator internus
55
The bladder is enveloped by a ______________.
Loose CT & visceral fascia
56
What is encircled by loops of detrusor muscles that tighten when the bladder contracts to assist in preventing reflux of urine into the ureter?
Ureteric orifices
57
Where are the uterine orifices and internal urethral orifices located?
Angle of trigone of the bladder
58
What is a slight elevation of the trigone?
Uvula of the bladder
59
In males, what supplies the fundus and neck of the bladder?
Inferior vesical arteries
60
In females, what replaces the inferior vesical arteries and sends small branches to postero-inferior parts of the bladder?
Vaginal arteries
61
What supplies small branches to the bladder?
Obturator and inferior gluteal arteries
62
What are the main arteries supplying the bladder branches?
Internal iliac arteries
63
What are the veins draining blood from the bladder that correspond with the arteries tributaries of?
Internal iliac veins
64
What is the venous network that is most directly associated with the bladder?
Vesical venous plexus
65
What mainly drains through the inferior vesical veins into the internal iliac veins?
Vesical venous plexus
66
The vesical venous plexus drains into the ____________ ______________ venous plexus through the sacral veins.
Internal vertebral venous plexus
67
In females, what does the vesical venous plexus receive blood from?
Dorsal vein of the clitoris
68
In females, what does the vesical venous plexus communicate with?
Vaginal or uterovaginal venous plexus
69
What are the intramural and prostatic parts of the urethra supplied by?
Prostatic branches of the inferior vesical and middle rectal arteries
70
Where do veins from the proximal two parts of the urethra drain into?
Prostatic venous plexus
71
How is blood supplied to the female urethra?
By the internal pudental and vaginal arteries
72
What are the 4 parts of the male urethra?
Intramural part, prostatic urethra, intermediate part, spongy urethra
73
Which part of the male urethra extends almost vertically through the neck of the bladder?
Intramural (preprostatic) part
74
Which part of the male urethra is surrounded by the internal urethral sphincter and varies in size due to bladder filling or emptying?
Intramural (preprostatic) part
75
What is the most prominent feature of the prostatic urethra?
Urethral crest
76
What is the urethral crest?
A median ridge between bilateral grooves/prostatic sinuses
77
What opens into the prostatic sinuses?
Prostatic ducts
78
What is a rounded eminence in the middle of the urethral crest with a slit-like orifice that opens into the prostatic utricle?
Seminal colliculus
79
What is the vestigial remnant of the embryonic uterovaginal canal?
Prostatic utricle
80
What is the widest and most dilatable part of the male urethra?
Prostatic urethra
81
Which part of the male urethra is where urinary and reproductive tracts merge?
Prostatic urethra
82
Which part of the male urethra passes through deep perineal pouch surrounded by circular fibers of external urethral sphincter?
Intermediate (membranous) part
83
Which part of the male urethra penetrates perineal membrane?
Intermediate (membranous) part
84
What is the narrowest and least distensible part of the male urethra?
Intermediate (membranous) part
## Footnote
Except for external urethral orifice
85
Which part of the male urethra courses through corpus spongiosum?
Spongy urethra
86
What is the longest and most mobile part of the male urethra?
Spongy urethra
87
Which muscles reflexively draws testis superiorly in the cold?
Mainly, Cremaster muscle
Dartos muscle assists
88
Why do the testis descend and ascend according to temperature?
For spermatogenesis and protection
89
What innervates the cremaster muscle?
Genital branch of genitofemoral nerve
90
What are the contents of the spermatic cord? (8)
Ductus deferens, testicular artery, artery of ductus deferens, cremasteric artery, pampiniform venous plexus, sympathetic nerves, lymphatic vessels, vestige of processus vaginalis
91
What is a tube that conveys sperm from the epididymis to ejaculatory duct in the spermatic cord?
Ductus deferens
92
What is from the aorta and supplies testis and epididymis in the spermatic cord?
Testicular artery
93
What is from the inferior vesical artery in the spermatic cord?
Artery of ductus deferens
94
What is from the inferior epigastric artery in the spermatic cord?
Cremasteric artery
95
What is seen as a fibrous thread on the anterior spermatic cord and extends between abdominal peritoneum and tunica vaginalis?
Vestige of processus vaginalis
96
What covers the surface of the testes except on epididymis and spermatic cord?
Visceral layer of tunica vaginalis
97
What is the tough fibrous outer surface of the testis that thickens posteriorly as mediastinum of testis?
Tunica albuginea
98
What is between the body of epididymis and posterolateral surface of testis?
Sinus of epididymis
99
Where is sperm produced in the testes?
Seminiferous tubules
100
What joins seminiferous tubules that go into rete testis?
Straight tubules
101
What is an elongated structure on the posterior surface of the testis?
Epididymis
102
Where does sperm mature?
Epididymis
103
What transports new sperm from rete testis to epididymis?
Efferent ductules
104
What are the 3 parts of the epididymis?
Head, body, tail
105
Which part of the epididymis is superior and composed of lobules formed by the efferent ductules?
Head
106
Which part of the epididymis is a major part consisting of the tightly convoluted duct of epididymis?
Body
107
Which part of epididymis is a continuation with the ductus deferens?
Tail
108
What is a continuation of duct of epididymis and ends by joining the seminal gland?
Ductus deferens
109
What is the primary structure of spermatic cord?
Ductus deferens
110
What part of ductus deferens joins seminal gland?
Ampulla
111
What does the seminal gland secrete?
Alkaline fluid with fructose and a coagulant
112
Seminal gland + ductus deferens forms
Ejaculatory duct
113
What is the largest gland of the male reproductive system?
Prostate
114
What does the fluid of the prostate do?
Plays a role in activating sperm
115
What are the two parts of the prostate gland?
Glandular and fibromuscular
116
The isthmus of the prostate lies _______ to the urethra
Anterior
117
The prostatic ducts open into the _________
Prostatic sinuses
118
Bulbourethral glands aka
Cowper's glands
119
Which structure has ducts that open into the proximal part of the spongy urethra in the bulb of the penis?
Bulbourethral glands
120
Where does the fluid secreted in the urethra during sexual arousal come from?
Bulbourethral glands
121
Where do oocytes develop?
Ovaries
122
What is suspended by mesovarium/broad ligament?
Ovaries
123
What is found laterally between uterus and in the lateral pelvic wall?
Ovaries
124
What conveys the oocyte from peritoneal cavity to uterine cavity?
Uterine tubes
125
What is the usual site of fertilization?
Uterine tubes
126
Where are the uterine tubes located?
Mesosalpinx
127
What are the 4 parts of the uterine tubes?
Infundibulum, ampulla, isthmus, uterine part
128
Which part of the uterine tubes are a funnel and open to peritoneal cavity and have fimbriae?
Infundibulum
129
Which part of the uterine tubes are the widest and longest part and the usual site of fertilization?
Ampulla
130
Which part of the uterine tubes enter the uterine horn?
Isthmus
131
Which part of the uterine tubes pass through the wall of uterus and opens via uterine ostium?
Uterine part
132
What is the pear shaped, hollow organ that is the location of embryo/fetus development?
Uterus
133
What is the outer serous layer of the uterus?
Perimetrium
134
What is the smooth muscle part of the uterus that is greatly stretched during pregnancy and contracts during birth?
Myometrium
135
What is the inner mucous layer of the uterus, actively involved in a menstrual cycle and is the location where blastocysts are implanted?
Endometrium
136
What is the inferior third part of the uterus?
Cervix
137
What is the superolateral part of the uterus where uterine tubes enter?
Uterine horns
138
uterine cavity + lumen of vagina =
Birth canal
139
Which ligament helps keep the uterus in place?
Broad ligament
140
What is the largest part of the broad ligament?
Mesometrium
141
Which pouch separates the uterine body from urinary bladder anteriorly?
Vesico-uterine pouch
142
Which pouch separates rectum from uterine body posteriorly?
Recto-uterine pouch
143
What is a musculomembranous tube that goes from the cervix to the vaginal orifice?
Vagina
144
What is the recess around the cervix/ has anterior, posterior and lateral parts?
Fornix
145
What is the deepest part of the vaginal fornix that is related to recto-uterine pouch?
Posterior vaginal fornix
146
What are the 4 muscles of the vagina?
Pubovaginalis, external urethral sphincter, urethrovaginal and bulbospongiosus
147
What forms the inferior part of the birth canal and serves as a canal for menstrual fluid?
Vagina
148
What is found in the male urogenital triangle?
External genitalia and perineal muscles
149
What extends from the apex of the prostate to the bulb of penis?
Intermediate part of urethra
150
What extends from intermediate part of urethra to external orifice?
Spongy urethra
151
What are the 3 cavernosus erectile tissues of the penis?
Corpora cavernosa (2) and corpus spongiosum (1)
152
What is the fibrous covering of each cavernosus in the penis?
Tunica albuginea
153
What is the attached part that consists of crura, bulb, ischiocavernosus, bulbospongiosus in the penis?
Root
154
What is another name for the head of the penis?
Glans penis
155
What projects beyond ends of corpora cavernosa?
Corona
156
What separates glans from body?
Neck
157
What anchors the erectile bodies of the penis to the pubic symphysis?
Suspensory ligament of penis
158
What is an irregular mass of collagen and elastic fibers that descends in midline from linea alba anterior to pubic symphysis?
Fundiform ligament of penis
159
What are the perineal muscles?
Superficial transverse perineal muscles, bulbospongiosus muscle, ischiocavernosus muscle
160
Which perineal muscle provides a firm base during erection?
Superficial transverse perineal muscles
161
Which perineal muscle forms a constrictor that compresses the bulb and corpus spongiosum and aids in emptying the spongy urethra of urine or semen?
Bulbospongiosus muscle
162
Which perineal muscle surrounds the crura in most of penis and forces blood from cavernosus spaces in crura into the distal parts of corpus cavernosus which increase turgidity?
Ischiocavernosus muscle
163
What is found in the female urogenital triangle?
External genitalia, perineal muscles and anal canal
164
What is a rounded, fatty eminence anterior to a pubic symphysis?
Mons pubis
165
What is a prominent fold of skin that indirectly protects clitoris, urethral and vaginal orifices?
Labia majora
166
what contains labia minora and vestibule?
Pudendal cleft
167
What are the folds of fat-free, hairless skin that is medially from the frenulum of the clitoris and laterally form the prepuce of the clitoris?
Labia minora
168
What is the erectile organ located where labia minora meet anteriorly that consists of a root and body?
Clitoris
169
Which part of the clitoris is cylindrical, composed of 2 crura, 2 corpora cavernosus, and the glans clitoris?
Body of clitoris
170
Which part of clitoris has most nerves?
Glans
171
Which part of the vagina is a space surrounded by labia minora where the orifice opens?
Vestibule of vagina
172
What is a thin anular fold of mucus membrane that can partially or entirely occlude vaginal orifice?
Hymen
173
What is visible after the hymen ruptures?
Hymenal caruncles
174
What are paired masses of elongated erectile tissue?
Bulbs of the vestibule
175
what is located in the superficial pouch and lie on each side of the vestibule of the vagina that secrete mucus into the vestibule of the vagina during sexual arousal?
Greater vestibular glands
176
What is located on sides of vestibule of vagina, open into it between the urethral and vaginal orifices and secrete mucous into the vestibule which moistens the labia and vestibule?
Lesser vestibular glands
