Week 9 Emotions I Flashcards
(197 cards)
1
Q
What is an emotion?
A
Emotions can be defined as complex psychological states that involve subjective experience, physiological response, and behavioural expression, influenced by both innate mechanisms and contextual factors.
2
Q
Why do we need fear?
A
Helps detect and respond to threats quickly, crucial for survival (e.g., fight-or-flight response).
3
Q
Why do we need disgust?
A
Protects against ingesting harmful substances or pathogens, reducing the risk of disease.
4
Q
Why do we need anger?
A
Functions to deter attacks or prevent exploitation in social contexts, promoting self-defence.
5
Q
Why do we need happiness?
A
Encourages behaviours that lead to beneficial outcomes, reinforcing social bonds and increasing cooperation within groups.
6
Q
Why do we need sadness and surprise?
A
Regulate energy use, motivate change, and help adapt to new circumstances by processing information and learning from experiences
7
Q
Why do we need emotions?
According to evolutionary psychology, emotions evolved to enhance ______ by enabling individuals to respond effectively to environmental challenges.
A
Survival
8
Q
Why do we need emotions?
The emotion of ______ helps detect and respond to threats quickly, triggering the fight-or-flight response.
A
fear
9
Q
Why do we need emotions?
______ helps protect against ingesting harmful substances or pathogens, thereby reducing the risk of disease
A
Disgust
10
Q
Why do we need emotions?
______ functions to deter attacks or prevent exploitation in social contexts, promoting self-defense.
A
Anger
11
Q
Why do we need emotions?
The emotion of ______ encourages behaviors that lead to beneficial outcomes, reinforcing social bonds and increasing cooperation.
A
happiness
12
Q
One definition of emotion from Merriam-Webster describes it as a conscious mental reaction, subjectively experienced as a strong feeling, usually directed toward a specific ______.
A
object
13
Q
Historically, the term “emotion” evolved from three categories: ______, ______, and ______, which had strong ties to religious origins.
A
passions, sentiments, affections
14
Q
Emotions can be defined as complex psychological states that involve ______, ______ response, and ______ expression.
A
subjective experience, physiological, behavioral
15
Q
Paul Ekman’s theory identified six core emotions: ______, ______, ______, ______, ______, and ______.
A
happiness, sadness, fear, disgust, anger, surprise
16
Q
Describe the James-Lange theory:
A
James-Lange Theory (1884):
- Sequence: Stimulus → Physiological reaction → Emotion.
- Example: Seeing a snake triggers your heart to race, and you then interpret this physiological change as fear.
17
Q
Describe the Cannon-Bard Theory:
A
Cannon-Bard Theory (1927):
- Sequence: Stimulus → Simultaneous physiological reaction and emotional experience.
- Example: Seeing a snake causes both the feeling of fear and your body’s physiological response (like sweating) at the same time.
18
Q
Describe the Schachter-Singer Theory:
A
Schachter-Singer Theory (1962):
- Sequence: Stimulus → Physiological reaction + Contextual interpretation → Emotion.
- Example: Seeing a snake causes your heart to race; you then use the context to label that response as fear (is it a snake in a zoo or in the wild?).
19
Q
Describe the Lazarus-Folkman Theory:
A
Lazarus-Folkman Theory (1984):
- Sequence: Appraisal of the situation → Emotion + Coping resources evaluation → Physiological reaction.
- Example: Seeing a snake triggers an evaluation of whether you have the resources to deal with the threat, leading to fear if you feel unprepared.
20
Q
According to the James-Lange theory, the sequence of emotional response is: Stimulus → ______ reaction → ______.
A
physiological, emotion
21
Q
The Cannon-Bard theory suggests that the perception of a stimulus leads to the simultaneous experience of ______ and ______ changes.
A
emotion, physiological
22
Q
The Schachter-Singer theory requires ______ information to interpret the physiological changes caused by a stimulus.
A
contextual
23
Q
The Lazarus-Folkman theory involves an appraisal of ______ and the evaluation of ______ resources before an emotional response.
A
context, coping
24
Q
The modern integrative account of emotion suggests that perception, emotion, and physiological reactions are ______ and ______ connected.
A
reciprocal, interactive
25
James-Lange Theory (1884):
Sequence: _______ → _________ ________ → ________.
Sequence: Stimulus → Physiological reaction → Emotion.
Example: Seeing a snake triggers your heart to race, and you then interpret this physiological change as fear.
26
Schachter-Singer Theory (1962):
Sequence: Stimulus → _______ + ________ → Emotion.
Physiological reaction + Contextual interpretation
Example: Seeing a snake causes your heart to race; you then use the context to label that response as fear (is it a snake in a zoo or in the wild?).
27
Cannon-Bard Theory (1927):
- Sequence: _________ → Simultaneous __________ reaction and _______ experience.
Sequence: Stimulus → Simultaneous physiological reaction and emotional experience.
Example: Seeing a snake causes both the feeling of fear and your body’s physiological response (like sweating) at the same time.
28
Lazarus-Folkman Theory (1984):
Sequence: ______________ → ____________ + ____________ → Physiological reaction.
Appraisal of the situation → Emotion + Coping resources evaluation
Example: Seeing a snake triggers an evaluation of whether you have the resources to deal with the threat, leading to fear if you feel unprepared.
29
Detail the classic responses associated with SNS activation
Sympathetic Nervous System (SNS) activation (fight-or-flight response):
- Increases heart rate and dilates pupils to prepare for rapid action.
- Inhibits digestive functions to redirect energy to muscles and essential organs.
- Stimulates the release of adrenaline to heighten alertness and physical readiness.
- Increases glucose production for a quick energy boost.
30
Detail the classic responses associated with PNS activation
Parasympathetic Nervous System (PNS) activation (rest-and-digest response):
- Slows down heart rate to promote relaxation and conserve energy.
- Stimulates digestive activity to facilitate nutrient absorption and energy storage.
- Constricts pupils and reduces breathing rate for a state of calm.
- Promotes urination and other non-essential bodily functions for maintenance and repair.
31
The ______ nervous system is responsible for the fight-or-flight response, increasing heart rate and dilating pupils.
sympathetic
32
The SNS inhibits non-essential functions like ______ to redirect energy to essential organs.
digestion
33
The parasympathetic nervous system is often called the ______ and ______ system because it promotes _______ and ________.
rest-and-digest, relaxation and digestion.
34
Parasympathetic activation ______ heart rate and _______ nutrient absorption.
Slows, promotes
35
The SNS response involves the release of ______ to heighten alertness and physical readiness.
adrenaline
36
SNS or PNS activation?
- Increases heart rate and dilates pupils to prepare for rapid action.
- Inhibits digestive functions to redirect energy to muscles and essential organs.
- Stimulates the release of adrenaline to heighten alertness and physical readiness.
- Increases glucose production for a quick energy boost.
Sympathetic Nervous System (SNS) activation (fight-or-flight response)
37
SNS or PNS activation?
- Slows down heart rate to promote relaxation and conserve energy.
- Stimulates digestive activity to facilitate nutrient absorption and energy storage.
- Constricts pupils and reduces breathing rate for a state of calm.
- Promotes urination and other non-essential bodily functions for maintenance and repair.
Parasympathetic Nervous System (PNS) activation (rest-and-digest response)
38
_____________ activation increases heart rate and dilates pupils to prepare for rapid action.
Sympathetic Nervous System (SNS) activation (fight-or-flight response)
39
_________________ activation inhibits digestive functions to redirect energy to muscles and essential organs.
Sympathetic Nervous System (SNS) activation (fight-or-flight response)
40
__________________ activation stimulates the release of adrenaline to heighten alertness and physical readiness.
Sympathetic Nervous System (SNS) activation (fight-or-flight response)
41
________________ activation increases glucose production for a quick energy boost.
Sympathetic Nervous System (SNS) activation (fight-or-flight response)
42
Sympathetic Nervous System (SNS) activation (fight-or-flight response) stimulates the release of ____________ to heighten alertness and physical readiness.
adrenaline
43
Sympathetic Nervous System (SNS) activation (fight-or-flight response) increases _________ production for a quick energy boost.
glucose
44
_______________ activation slows down heart rate to promote relaxation and conserve energy.
Parasympathetic Nervous System (PNS) activation (rest-and-digest response)
45
_______________ activation stimulates digestive activity to facilitate nutrient absorption and energy storage.
Parasympathetic Nervous System (PNS) activation (rest-and-digest response)
46
_______________ activation constricts pupils and reduces breathing rate for a state of calm.
Parasympathetic Nervous System (PNS) activation (rest-and-digest response)
47
_____________ activation promotes urination and other non-essential bodily functions for maintenance and repair.
Parasympathetic Nervous System (PNS) activation (rest-and-digest response)
48
Why are there “dual routes” to the amygdala?
There are both fast and slow pathways that process emotional stimuli:
- Fast route: Direct thalamus-to-amygdala pathway, allowing a rapid, reflexive response to potential threats (e.g., jump scare).
- Slow route: Involves the thalamus, sensory cortices, and then the amygdala, providing a more thorough analysis and context evaluation.
49
What model of emotion does the “dual routes” to the amygdala help explain?
These routes support the modern biopsychological view of emotions, which acknowledges that both quick, instinctual reactions and slower, deliberate responses are crucial for survival
(Lecture 26, Neurocircuitry of emotions)
50
The fast route from the thalamus to the amygdala allows for a rapid, ______ response to potential threats.
Reflexive
51
The fast route from the _________ to the ________ allows for a rapid, reflexive response to potential threats.
Thalamus to the amygdala
52
The ______ route from the thalamus to the amygdala allows for a rapid, reflexive response to potential threats.
Fast
53
The slow route involves the thalamus, ______ cortices, and then the amygdala, providing a more thorough analysis of the threat.
Sensory
54
The slow route involves the _______, sensory cortices, and then the ________, providing a more thorough analysis of the threat.
Thalamus, amygdala
55
The ______ route involves the thalamus, sensory cortices, and then the amygdala, providing a more thorough analysis of the threat.
Slow
56
The dual routes to the amygdala support the _____________ view of emotions.
modern biopsychological
57
The fast route to the amygdala prioritises speed over ______ when reacting to potential dangers.
Accuracy
58
The slow route allows for more ______ processing and context evaluation before responding.
Deliberate
59
What are the key nuclei of the amygdala and their roles in fear conditioning?
- Lateral nucleus: Receives sensory input from the thalamus and cortex, acting as the initial site of processing for fear-related stimuli.
- Basal nucleus: Integrates information from the hippocampus, which provides context to the emotional experience (e.g., where the fear occurred).
- Central nucleus: Outputs to various brain regions, including the hypothalamus and brainstem, to initiate autonomic and behavioural fear responses.
60
Fear conditioning example to understand the key input and output circuitry of the amygdala:
- A tone (neutral stimulus) is paired with a shock (aversive stimulus) to create a conditioned fear response to the tone alone.
- The ________ nucleus is critical in learning the association between the tone and the shock, while the ________ nucleus orchestrates the fear response.
Lateral, central
61
Use fear conditioning as an example to explain the key input and output circuitry of the amygdala and their role in fear conditioning.
- Example: A tone (neutral stimulus) is paired with a shock (aversive stimulus) to create a conditioned fear response to the tone alone.
- The lateral nucleus is critical in learning the association between the tone and the shock, while the central nucleus orchestrates the fear response.
- Contextual stimulus: Involves the hippocampus, which allows the brain to recognise where the fearful event took place, adding a memory-based element to the response.
- This circuitry supports long-term potentiation (LTP), making the fear response stronger and more automatic over time
(Lecture 26, Neurocircuitry of emotions).
62
The ________ nucleus of the amygdala receives sensory input from the thalamus and cortex, acting as the initial site of processing for fear-related stimuli.
Lateral
63
The ________ nucleus of the amygdala integrates information from the hippocampus, which provides context to the emotional experience (e.g., where the fear occurred).
Basal
64
The ___________ nucleus of the amygdala outputs to various brain regions, including the hypothalamus and brainstem, to initiate autonomic and behavioural fear responses.
Central
65
During fear conditioning, a tone paired with a shock creates long-term potentiation (LTP) in the ______.
Amygdala
66
During fear conditioning, a tone paired with a shock creates ___________________ in the amygdala.
long-term potentiation (LTP)
67
The role of the hippocampus in fear conditioning involves providing ______ to the emotional response.
Context
68
The role of the ____________ in fear conditioning involves providing context to the emotional response.
hippocampus
69
What is the purported role of the PFC on the amygdala in habituation and extinction of conditioned fear?
Prefrontal cortex (PFC):
- The PFC is involved in higher-order cognitive processing and emotional regulation, helping to evaluate the fear response and make more informed decisions.
- Plays a crucial role in extinction of conditioned fear, where repeated exposure to the conditioned stimulus (e.g., a tone) without the aversive stimulus (e.g., shock) weakens the learned fear response.
- During extinction, the medial PFC communicates with the amygdala to inhibit its activation, effectively suppressing the fear response over time.
- This interaction helps adapt fear responses to be more appropriate to the current situation, reducing unnecessary fear
Importance: The PFC's regulation of the amygdala is key in overcoming fear and anxiety disorders by breaking down maladaptive fear associations.
(Lecture 26, Neurocircuitry of emotions).
70
The PFC is involved in __________________________ and emotional regulation, helping to evaluate the fear response and make more informed decisions.
higher-order cognitive processing, emotional regulation
71
The ____________ plays a crucial role in extinction of conditioned fear, where repeated exposure to the conditioned stimulus (e.g., a tone) without the aversive stimulus (e.g., shock) weakens the learned fear response.
Prefrontal cortex (PFC)
72
The _____________ is involved in higher-order cognitive processing and emotional regulation, helping to evaluate the fear response and make more informed decisions.
Prefrontal cortex (PFC)
73
During extinction, the ________ PFC communicates with the amygdala to inhibit its activation, effectively suppressing the fear response over time.
medial
74
During extinction, the medial PFC communicates with the _________ to inhibit its activation, effectively suppressing the fear response over time.
amygdala
75
The prefrontal cortex (PFC) is crucial in the ______ of conditioned fear.
Extinction
76
During extinction, repeated exposure to the conditioned stimulus without the unconditioned stimulus weakens the learned ______________.
fear response
77
The ______ PFC communicates with the amygdala to inhibit its activation during extinction.
Medial
78
The PFC helps regulate the amygdala's response by evaluating the ______ of a threat.
fear, anxiety
79
The interaction between the PFC and the amygdala is key to overcoming ______ and ______ disorders.
fear, anxiety
80
Is the amygdala only involved in fear?
The amygdala is not only involved in fear but also plays a role in other emotions like anger, happiness, and even social emotions such as empathy.
Emotional states linked to survival (like fear and anger) trigger amygdala activation more readily due to their importance in immediate decision-making and survival.
81
What is needed for the cells in the amygdala to fire?
- Amygdala cells fire in response to emotionally relevant stimuli, which are often determined by sensory input (e.g., sight or sound) and the context in which the stimuli are encountered.
- Context and significance of the stimulus are essential for amygdala activation; not every stimulus triggers it unless it is perceived as potentially relevant or threatening.
- The basolateral amygdala uses sensory input to decide on the importance of a stimulus, while the central nucleus handles the resulting physical response.
82
The amygdala is not only involved in fear but also plays a role in other emotions like ________, _______, and even social emotions such as _________.
anger, happiness; empathy
83
Emotional states linked to survival (like fear and anger) trigger ________ activation more readily due to their importance in immediate decision-making and survival.
amygdala
84
Amygdala cells fire in response to ________________, which are often determined by sensory input (e.g., sight or sound) and the context in which the stimuli are encountered.
emotionally relevant stimuli
85
The ___________ amygdala uses sensory input to decide on the importance of a stimulus, while the ________ nucleus handles the resulting physical response.
basolateral; central
86
Amygdala cells fire in response to emotionally relevant stimuli, influenced by ______ input and context.
sensory
87
The ______ amygdala uses sensory input to determine the importance of a stimulus.
basolateral
88
Do bacteria feel fear? Explain based on LeDoux and Pine’s model.
- LeDoux and Pine’s model distinguishes between unconscious, defensive survival circuits (e.g., reflexive actions in response to danger) and the conscious experience of emotions like fear.
- According to this model, fear requires cognitive processing and a conscious mind, which bacteria lack.
- Bacteria do not feel fear in the way that humans or animals do because they lack the neural circuitry to consciously experience emotions.
- While bacteria can respond to threats through adaptive mechanisms (e.g., moving away from harmful stimuli), these reactions are purely biochemical and automatic, not emotional
89
_____________ model distinguishes between unconscious, defensive survival circuits (e.g., reflexive actions in response to danger) and the conscious experience of emotions like fear.
According to this model, fear requires cognitive processing and a conscious mind, which bacteria lack.
LeDoux and Pine’s
90
Bacteria do not feel fear in the way that humans or animals do because they lack the ______________ to consciously experience emotions.
neural circuitry
91
Where do LeDoux and Pine believe conscious experience of emotion might come from in the brain?
LeDoux and Pine suggest that conscious experiences of emotion arise from cognitive circuits in the brain, which involve higher-order processing regions like the prefrontal cortex.
92
______________ suggest that conscious experiences of emotion arise from cognitive circuits in the brain, which involve higher-order processing regions like the prefrontal cortex.
LeDoux and Pine
93
LeDoux and Pine suggest that conscious experiences of emotion arise from cognitive circuits in the brain, which involve higher-order processing regions like the __________.
prefrontal cortex
94
LeDoux and Pine suggest that conscious experiences of emotion arise from cognitive circuits in the brain, which involve _______________________ regions like the prefrontal cortex.
higher-order processing
95
LeDoux and Pine suggest that conscious experiences of emotion arise from cognitive circuits in the brain, which involve _______________________ regions like the prefrontal cortex.
higher-order processing
96
What structure might link bodily responses to conscious perception of emotion?
The insula cortex
It integrates signals from the body's internal states (e.g., heart rate, breathing) and translates these into conscious emotional experiences.
97
The ____________ plays a critical role in linking bodily sensations to emotional awareness.
insula cortex
98
What evidence relates to LeDoux and Pine’s ideas on conscious experience of emotion?
Studies have shown that activity in the insula cortex is associated with the conscious perception of various emotions, including discomfort or anxiety.
This region is also involved in interoception—the awareness of internal bodily states, which is fundamental for translating physiological responses into conscious feelings
99
Studies have shown that activity in the ____________ is associated with the conscious perception of various emotions, including discomfort or anxiety.
This region is also involved in __________—the awareness of internal bodily states, which is fundamental for translating physiological responses into conscious feelings
insula cortex; interoception
100
The ______ cortex plays a critical role in linking bodily sensations to emotional awareness.
insula
101
The awareness of internal bodily states, known as ______, is critical for translating physiological responses into conscious feelings.
interoception
102
Explain the difference between emotions and feelings.
Emotions: Immediate, unconscious physiological responses to stimuli, often tied to survival mechanisms (e.g., fear response to danger).
Feelings: The conscious interpretation and subjective experience of emotions, shaped by personal experiences and thoughts.
103
Why are feelings important?
Feelings provide a bridge between bodily states and cognitive awareness, allowing individuals to understand their emotions and respond accordingly.
They are crucial for emotional regulation, decision-making, and social interactions, as they help interpret and make sense of one's own and others’ emotional states.
104
Feelings provide a bridge between _______________ and ______________, allowing individuals to understand their emotions and respond accordingly.
bodily states; cognitive awareness
105
Emotions are immediate, often unconscious physiological responses to ______.
Stimuli
106
__________ are immediate, often unconscious physiological responses to stimuli
Feelings
107
__________ are typically tied to survival mechanisms and are more instinctual than __________
Emotions; feelings
108
Feelings allow for a ______ and _________ response to emotions, aiding in emotional regulation.
Deliberate; reflective
109
Feelings allow for a ______ and _________ response to emotions, aiding in emotional regulation.
Deliberate; reflective
110
Understanding feelings is crucial for effective ______ and social interactions.
Decision-making
111
What are the core components that make up the stress response?
Sympathetic Nervous System (SNS): Immediate response, activating the fight-or-flight response. Increases heart rate, dilates pupils, and redirects blood to essential organs.
Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal (HPA) axis: Slower, sustained response that releases cortisol to manage long-term stress. Enhances glucose availability and suppresses non-essential bodily functions.
112
Describe the timing and main effects of the Sympathetic Nervous System (SNS) stress response?
SNS activation occurs within seconds to minutes, preparing the body for rapid action.
113
Describe the timing and main effects of the Sympathetic Nervous System (SNS) stress response?
SNS activation occurs within seconds to minutes, preparing the body for rapid action.
114
Describe the timing and main effects of the Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal (HPA) axis stress response?
HPA axis response develops over minutes to hours, maintaining energy levels and physiological readiness over prolonged periods.
115
SNS activation occurs within _______ to ________, preparing the body for rapid action.
Seconds; minutes
116
HPA axis response develops over _______ to ________, maintaining energy levels and physiological readiness over prolonged periods.
minutes; hours
117
Sympathetic Nervous System (SNS) is an immediate response, activating the ______________ response. Increases heart rate, dilates pupils, and redirects blood to essential organs.
fight-or-flight
118
Sympathetic Nervous System (SNS) is:
- an immediate response to fear
- activates the flight-or-fight response
- increases heart rate
- dilates pupils
- redirects blood to essential organs.
119
Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal (HPA) axis is:
- Slower, sustained response to fear
- Releases cortisol to manage long-term stress
- Enhances glucose availability
- Suppresses non-essential bodily functions.
120
The Sympathetic Nervous System (SNS) initiates the immediate ______ response to stress.
fight-or-flight
121
The Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal (HPA) axis releases ______ to manage long-term stress.
Cortisol
122
The stress response mobilizes resources, increases glucose production, and redirects ______ to essential organs.
Blood flow
123
The stress response mobilizes resources, increases _______ production, and redirects blood flow to essential organs.
glucose
124
What were Hans Selye’s key observations about ‘stress’?
General Adaptation Syndrome (GAS):
- Selye described a predictable pattern of responses to stress with three stages: alarm, resistance, and exhaustion.
- Found that different stressors (physical or psychological) produced similar physiological responses.
Key observations:
- Stress induces changes in the adrenal glands, thymus, and white blood cells, affecting the immune response.
- Chronic stress can lead to health issues like fatigue and increased susceptibility to illness.
Selye's work highlighted the body’s non-specific response to different kinds of stress, which laid the foundation for modern stress research (Lecture 27, Stress Response)
125
_______ described a predictable pattern of responses to stress with three stages: alarm, resistance, and exhaustion.
Selye
126
Selye described a predictable pattern of responses to stress with three stages: _______, ________, and ________.
alarm, resistance, and exhaustion
127
______ found that stress induces changes in the adrenal glands, thymus, and white blood cells, affecting the immune response.
Selye
128
Selye found that stress induces changes in the _________, _________, and _________, affecting the immune response.
adrenal glands, thymus, and white blood cells
129
Selye found that stress induces changes in the adrenal glands, thymus, and white blood cells, affecting the _________________.
immune response
130
Where is cortisol released
Cortisol is released from the adrenal cortex
131
When is cortisol released?
Cortisol release typically peaks in the morning upon waking
132
________ is released from the adrenal cortex following activation of the HPA axis, typically peaking in the morning upon waking.
Cortisol
133
Cortisol is released from the ____________ following activation of the HPA axis, typically peaking in the morning upon waking.
adrenal cortex
134
Cortisol is released from the adrenal cortex following activation of the _______, typically peaking in the morning upon waking.
HPA axis
135
Cortisol is released from the adrenal cortex following activation of the HPA axis, typically peaking in the _____________.
morning upon waking
136
What effects does cortisol have in the body?
- Increases glucose availability to ensure the body has sufficient energy.
- Suppresses non-essential functions like the immune response and digestion during stress.
- Modulates metabolism, inflammatory responses, and cognitive functions to manage long-term stress
137
________ increases glucose availability to ensure the body has sufficient energy.
Cortisol
138
Cortisol increases _____ availability to ensure the body has sufficient energy.
Glucose
139
Cortisol __________ non-essential functions like the immune response and digestion during stress.
suppresses
140
_______ modulates metabolism, inflammatory responses, and cognitive functions to manage long-term stress
Cortisol
141
Cortisol modulates _________, __________ responses, and ________ functions to manage long-term stress
Metabolism, inflammatory, cognitive
142
Cortisol modulates _________, __________ responses, and cognitive functions to manage long-term stress
Metabolism, inflammatory, cognitive
143
Hans Selye described the pattern of stress responses with three stages: ______, resistance, and exhaustion.
Alarm
144
Selye coined the term ___________________, referring to the body's response to prolonged stress
General Adaptation Syndrome (GAS)
145
Selye found that chronic stress could lead to health issues like ______ and increased vulnerability to illness.
fatigue
146
Selye found that chronic stress could lead to health issues like ______ and increased vulnerability to illness.
fatigue
147
Selye found that chronic stress could lead to health issues like ______ and increased vulnerability to illness.
fatigue
148
What are some of the benefits of the acute stress response? Explain how the different physiology and behaviours elicited would have been helpful in terms of evolutionary biology.
- Mobilises energy: Increases glucose production, providing immediate energy to muscles and the brain for quick responses to threats.
- Enhances alertness: SNS activation heightens sensory awareness, helping to focus on potential dangers in the environment (fight-or-flight response).
- Boosts immune function: Temporarily strengthens innate immunity to prepare the body to deal with potential injuries or infections.
- Improves physical performance: Increases heart rate and blood flow to muscles, enhancing physical abilities to run from or confront threats.
- Adaptive benefits: These physiological changes helped early humans survive by preparing them to react to predators, natural disasters, or other immediate dangers.
149
How is the acute stress response related to contemporary diseases?
- Chronic activation of the stress response is linked to modern diseases like hypertension, cardiovascular issues, obesity, and type 2 diabetes.
- Prolonged cortisol exposure can suppress the immune system, leading to increased vulnerability to infections and autoimmune disorders.
- The mismatch between evolutionary stressors (acute, life-threatening) and contemporary stressors (chronic, psychological) contributes to the maladaptive effects seen today.
150
Benefits of the acute stress response:
- Mobilises ________: Increases _____ production, providing immediate ______ to muscles and the brain for quick responses to threats.
Energy; glucose; energy
151
Benefits of the acute stress response:
Enhances ________: _______ activation heightens _______ awareness, helping to focus on potential dangers in the environment (fight-or-flight response).
Alertness; SNS; sensory
152
Benefits of the acute stress response:
Boosts ______ function: Temporarily strengthens innate _________ to prepare the body to deal with potential injuries or infections.
Immune; immunity
153
Benefits of the acute stress response:
Improves ________ performance: Increases heart rate and blood flow to muscles, enhancing _______ abilities to run from or confront threats.
Physical; physical
154
Chronic activation of the stress response is linked to modern diseases like _________, __________ issues, ________, and ___________.
hypertension; cardiovascular; obesity; type 2 diabetes
155
Chronic activation of the ______________ is linked to modern diseases like hypertension, cardiovascular issues, obesity, and type 2 diabetes.
stress response
156
Prolonged ________ exposure can suppress the immune system, leading to increased vulnerability to infections and autoimmune disorders.
cortisol
157
Prolonged cortisol exposure can suppress the _____________, leading to increased vulnerability to ______________ and ____________ disorders.
immune system; infections and autoimmune disorders
158
The mismatch between _______ stressors (acute, life-threatening) and _________ stressors (chronic, psychological) contributes to the maladaptive effects seen today.
evolutionary; contemporary
159
The mismatch between evolutionary stressors (_______, life-threatening) and contemporary stressors (_______, psychological) contributes to the _________ effects seen today.
Acute; chronic; maladaptive
160
The acute stress response increases ______ production, providing immediate energy to muscles and the brain.
Glucose
161
The ______ stress response increases glucose production, providing immediate energy to muscles and the brain.
acute
162
_______ activation enhances alertness helping to focus attention on potential threats.
SNS
163
Chronic activation of the stress response today is linked to diseases like ______ and cardiovascular disorders.
Hypertension
164
Describe the mechanisms by which chronic stress may influence body weight in relation to cortisol’s role in metabolism:
- Chronic stress leads to sustained activation of the HPA axis and elevated cortisol levels,
- This can increase appetite, particularly for high-calorie, sugary, and fatty foods.
- Cortisol promotes the storage of visceral fat
- This is associated with increased risk for metabolic diseases like type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disorders.
165
Describe the mechanisms by which chronic stress may influence body weight in relation to the impact on energy balance
- Stress can reduce metabolic rate
- This makes it harder for the body to burn calories efficiently
- This can lead to emotional or stress-induced eating, where individuals consume more food as a way to cope with psychological stressors.
166
Describe the mechanisms by which chronic stress may influence body weight in relation to insulin resistance
- Elevated cortisol can impair insulin function
- This leads to increased blood sugar levels and reduced sensitivity to insulin
- This contributes to weight gain and obesity over time
167
Describe the mechanisms by which chronic stress may influence body weight in relation to disruption of sleep
- Chronic stress often disrupts sleep patterns
- This affects metabolism
- Increases the likelihood of weight gain due to altered hormone levels that regulate hunger (like ghrelin and leptin)
168
Describe the mechanisms by which chronic stress may influence body weight.
- Chronic stress leads to sustained activation of the HPA axis and elevated cortisol levels, cortisol promotes the storage of visceral fat, which is associated with increased risk for metabolic diseases
- Stress can reduce metabolic rate, making it harder for the body to burn calories efficiently.
- Elevated cortisol can impair insulin function, leading to increased blood sugar levels and reduced sensitivity to insulin, contributing to weight gain and obesity over time.
-Chronic stress often disrupts sleep patterns, which further affects metabolism and increases the likelihood of weight gain due to altered hormone levels that regulate hunger (like ghrelin and leptin)
169
______________ leads to sustained activation of the HPA axis and elevated cortisol levels, which can increase appetite, particularly for high-calorie, sugary, and fatty foods.
Chronic stress
170
Chronic stress leads to sustained activation of the ___________ and elevated _______ levels, which can increase appetite, particularly for high-calorie, sugary, and fatty foods.
HPA axis; cortisol
171
Chronic stress leads to sustained activation of the ___________ and elevated _______ levels, which can increase appetite, particularly for high-calorie, sugary, and fatty foods.
HPA axis; cortisol
172
_________ promotes the storage of visceral fat, which is associated with increased risk for metabolic diseases like type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disorders.
Cortisol
173
Cortisol promotes the storage of ________, which is associated with increased risk for ___________ diseases like type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disorders.
visceral fat; metabolic
174
Cortisol promotes the storage of ________, which is associated with increased risk for ___________ diseases like type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disorders.
visceral fat; metabolic
175
Stress can reduce _________, making it harder for the body to burn calories efficiently.
It can lead to emotional or stress-induced eating, where individuals consume more food as a way to cope with psychological stressors.
metabolic rate
176
Elevated _______ can impair insulin function, leading to _________ blood sugar levels and reduced sensitivity to insulin, contributing to weight gain and obesity over time.
cortisol; increased
177
Elevated cortisol can impair _______ function, leading to increased blood sugar levels and reduced sensitivity to _______, contributing to weight gain and obesity over time.
insulin; insulin
178
Chronic stress often disrupts sleep patterns, which further affects metabolism and increases the likelihood of weight gain due to altered hormone levels that regulate hunger (like ______ and ______)
ghrelin; leptin
179
Chronic stress leads to sustained activation of the HPA axis and elevated ______ levels.
cortisol
180
Cortisol promotes the storage of ______ fat, increasing the risk for metabolic diseases.
Visceral
181
Elevated cortisol levels impair ______ function, contributing to _____ resistance and weight gain.
insulin; insulin
182
Disrupted ______ patterns from chronic stress can further affect metabolism and appetite regulation.
Sleep
183
How does cortisol interact with reproductive functioning?
- Cortisol inhibits the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal (HPG) axis
- This regulates reproductive hormones like oestrogen, progesterone, and testosterone.
- By reducing the release of gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH), cortisol affects downstream hormones like luteinising hormone (LH) and follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)
- This leads to reduced fertility
184
What effect does cortisol have on reproductive functioning in females?
- irregular menstrual cycles
- reduced ovulation
- amenorrhea (absence of menstruation).
185
What effect does cortisol have on reproductive functioning in males?
It decreases testosterone production, affecting sperm count, libido, and overall reproductive health.
186
Cortisol inhibits the ________________, which regulates reproductive hormones like oestrogen, progesterone, and testosterone.
hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal (HPG) axis
187
Cortisol inhibits the HPG axis, reducing the release of ________________, affecting downstream hormones like ______________ and ____________, leading to reduced fertility.
gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH); luteinising hormone (LH); follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)
188
________ inhibits the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal (HPG) axis, reducing the release of gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH), which affects downstream hormones like luteinising hormone (LH) and follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), leading to reduced ________.
Cortisol; fertility
189
In females, chronic stress can lead to ______ menstrual cycles, reduced _______, and even ________ (absence of menstruation).
irregular; ovulation; amenorrhea
190
In males, elevated cortisol levels can decrease __________ production, affecting _____ count, libido, and overall reproductive health.
Testosterone; sperm
191
In males, elevated _______ levels can decrease testosterone production, affecting sperm count, libido, and overall reproductive health.
cortisol
192
What neuropsychiatric conditions are *associated* (mainly correlational evidence) with chronic stress?
- Depression
- Anxiety disorders
- Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD)
- Cognitive impairments
- Substance abuse
193
Chronic stress is strongly linked to the development of depressive disorders, partly due to its impact on _______ and ________ neurotransmitter systems.
serotonin; dopamine
194
Prolonged stress exposure can lead to heightened anxiety and increased risk of disorders like _______________ disorder and _______ disorder.
generalised anxiety disorder (GAD); panic disorder
195
Individuals who experience severe or prolonged stress are more susceptible to PTSD, with altered stress hormone levels and _______ activity being key factors.
amygdala
196
Chronic stress is associated with reduced ________ volume, which is critical for memory and learning, contributing to cognitive decline and impaired decision-making abilities.
hippocampal
197
People under chronic stress are more likely to engage in ______ behaviors, leading to substance abuse disorders.
Addictive
