Week 9 Lecture 1 Flashcards
(83 cards)
1
Q
What is the origin of the nephric system?
A
Urogenital ridges
2
Q
What are the three stages of kidney development?
A
- Pronephros
- Mesonephros
- Metanephros
3
Q
What is the function of the pronephros?
A
Temporary filtration system
4
Q
How many pairs of tubules does the pronephros consist of?
A
6–10 pairs of tubules
5
Q
At what week does the pronephros disappear completely?
A
By the 4th week
6
Q
During which weeks does the mesonephros develop?
A
4–8 weeks
7
Q
What structures develop from the mesonephros?
A
- Bowman’s capsule
- Glomerulus
8
Q
What is the metanephros considered?
A
Primitive proper kidney
9
Q
What does the cephalic end of the ureteric bud form?
A
Renal pelvis
10
Q
What is formed from the outgrowths of the renal pelvis?
A
Primitive collecting ducts
11
Q
What is the glomerulus?
A
Fully developed by the 36th week
12
Q
Where does the metanephros arise?
A
Opposite the 28th somite (L4)
13
Q
What anatomical anomalies can occur during kidney ascent?
A
- Ectopic kidney
- Horseshoe kidney
14
Q
What is the shape of the kidneys?
A
Bean-shaped organs
15
Q
Where are the kidneys located?
A
Under the rib cage behind the peritoneal cavity
16
Q
What is the flow path of urine in the kidneys?
A
- Pyramids
- Papilla
- Minor calyx
- Major calyx
- Renal pelvis
- Ureter
17
Q
What constitutes the medulla of the kidney?
A
Kidney pyramids
18
Q
What is the nephron?
A
Functional unit of the kidney
19
Q
How many nephrons are typically found in a kidney?
A
1 million+ nephrons
20
Q
What is the role of the nephron?
A
Modify filtered fluid to form urine
21
Q
What is the juxtaglomerular apparatus?
A
A structure formed by macula densa, juxtaglomerular cells, and distal tubule
22
Q
What is the space between the tuft and Bowman’s capsule called?
A
Capsular space
23
Q
What are podocytes?
A
Cells that wrap around glomerular capillaries
24
Q
What is the urinary space in Bowman’s capsule?
A
Space where fluid filters from the glomerulus
25
What does the proximal convoluted tubule consist of?
Single layer of epithelial cells resting on a basement membrane
26
Where does the Loop of Henle begin?
At the border between the outer and inner stripe of the outer medulla
27
What is the macula densa?
Salt sensors that assess kidney function
28
What is the function of glomerular mesangial cells?
* Remove trapped material
* Provide physical support
* Release cytokines
* Maintain filtration rate
29
What is the role of the afferent arteriole?
Brings blood into the glomerulus
30
What does the efferent arteriole do?
Drains blood from the glomerulus
31
Fill in the blank: The _______ is the first portion of the tubule located opposite the vascular pole.
Proximal convoluted tubule
32
What connects several nephrons to form a cortical collecting duct?
Connecting tubules
33
What do cortical collecting ducts become as they enter the medulla?
Outer medullary collecting ducts and then inner medullary collecting ducts
34
What are the larger ducts formed from merging inner medullary collecting ducts called?
Papillary collecting ducts
35
What does each papillary collecting duct empty into?
A calyx of the renal pelvis
36
What is the tubular fluid referred to as after it enters a calyx?
Urine
37
Name the cell types found in the nephron.
* Glomerular mesangial cells
* Podocytes
* Macula densa
38
What is the function of principal cells in the distal convoluted tubule?
Respond to aldosterone (increase sodium reabsorption and potassium secretion)
39
What is the role of intercalated cells in the nephron?
Acid–base balance
40
What hormone do inner medullary collecting-duct cells respond to?
ADH (Antidiuretic Hormone)
41
Where is the juxtaglomerular apparatus located?
Where the thick ascending limb meets macula densa
42
Name the three cell types found in the juxtaglomerular apparatus.
* Granular cells
* Extraglomerular mesangial cells
* Macula densa cells
43
What do granular cells in the juxtaglomerular apparatus contain?
Renin
44
What is the function of macula densa cells?
Salt sensors
45
What is the function of the glomerulus in the renal corpuscle?
Initial filtration of blood
46
What does Bowman’s capsule do?
Collects initial filtrate
47
What is reabsorbed in the proximal convoluted tubule?
* Most filtered water
* Glucose
* Amino acids
* Ions
48
What is the permeability of the descending limb of the Loop of Henle?
Permeable to only water
49
What does the ascending limb of the Loop of Henle transport?
Only ions out of the tubular fluid
50
What is reabsorbed in the distal convoluted tubule?
Ions (aldosterone)
51
What is the primary function of the collecting duct?
Water reabsorption (ADH) and ion balance
52
From what does the ureter originate embryologically?
Ureteric bud
53
Where do the ureters travel inside the body?
Retroperitoneal space
54
List the three constriction sites of the ureters.
* Renal pelvis
* Pelvic brim anterior to the bifurcation of the common iliac artery
* Entrance to the bladder
55
In male anatomy, how does the ureter course in relation to the ductus deferens?
Alongside the ductus deferens and anterior to the seminal vesicle
56
In female anatomy, where does the ureter course in relation to the cervix?
Lateral to the cervix and inferior to the uterine artery
57
Where is the urinary bladder located?
Between the pubis and pelvic diaphragm
58
What shape does the superior surface of the bladder take when empty?
Dome-shaped
59
What is the apex of the bladder a remnant of?
The embryonic remnant of the urachus
60
What is the trigone in the bladder?
The triangular area between the openings of the ureters
61
What type of muscle is the detrusor muscle?
Smooth muscle
62
What does parasympathetic contraction of the detrusor muscle cause?
Urination
63
What enables urine storage in the bladder?
Sympathetic relaxation of the detrusor muscle
64
What type of muscle is the internal urethral sphincter?
Smooth muscle
65
What nerve innervates the external urethral sphincter?
Pudendal nerve (S2–S4)
66
What arteries supply the bladder?
Superior and inferior vesical arteries from branches of the internal iliac artery and vaginal arteries in females
## Footnote
The superior and inferior vesical arteries are critical for the vascular supply of the bladder
67
What is the venous drainage of the bladder?
Vesical plexus of veins à internal iliac veins
## Footnote
The vesical plexus collects blood from the bladder and drains into the internal iliac veins
68
Which spinal cord levels provide parasympathetic innervation to the bladder?
S2–S4 spinal cord levels
## Footnote
These levels are crucial for the autonomic control of bladder functions
69
What nerves enter the inferior hypogastric plexus?
Pelvic splanchnic nerves for parasympathetic innervation and sacral splanchnic nerves for sympathetic innervation
## Footnote
These nerves play a key role in the autonomic regulation of bladder function
70
What happens during the micturition reflex?
Bladder distends, visceral sensory fibers relay stretch to spinal cord, pelvic splanchnic nerves synapse, detrusor muscle contracts, internal urethral sphincter relaxes, external urethral sphincter relaxes
## Footnote
This sequence of events is essential for the process of urination
71
What are the three parts of the male urethra?
* Prostatic
* Membranous
* Penile
## Footnote
Each part has distinct anatomical features and vascular supplies
72
What is the arterial supply of the prostatic urethra?
Inferior vesical artery from the internal iliac
## Footnote
The inferior vesical artery is specifically responsible for vascularizing the prostatic urethra
73
What type of epithelium is found in the parietal layer of the glomerular capsule?
Simple squamous epithelium
## Footnote
This epithelium is crucial for the structure of the renal corpuscle
74
What are podocytes?
Unusual stellate epithelial cells in the visceral layer of the glomerular capsule
## Footnote
Podocytes play a vital role in the filtration process in the kidneys
75
What forms the glomerular filtration barrier?
Filtration slit pores between pedicels and slit diaphragms
## Footnote
This barrier is essential for the selective filtration of blood in the kidneys
76
What characterizes the cells of the proximal convoluted tubule (PCT)?
* Simple cuboidal epithelium
* Central nuclei
* Acidophilic cytoplasm
* Prominent brush border
## Footnote
These features are important for the reabsorption functions of the PCT
77
What is the histological feature of the thin descending and ascending limbs of the Loop of Henle?
Both are composed of simple squamous epithelia
## Footnote
This structure facilitates the function of the Loop of Henle in urine concentration
78
What distinguishes the distal convoluted tubule (DCT) from the proximal convoluted tubule (PCT)?
DCT cells are smaller, lack a brush border, and have fewer mitochondria
## Footnote
These histological differences reflect their distinct functions in the nephron
79
What are the characteristics of the juxtaglomerular apparatus (JGA)?
* Macula densa with columnar cells
* Juxtaglomerular (JG) cells with secretory phenotype
* Extraglomerular mesangial cells with supportive functions
## Footnote
The JGA plays a critical role in regulating blood pressure and filtration rate
80
What type of cells are found in the collecting ducts of the nephron?
Pale-staining principal cells with few organelles and distinct cell boundaries
## Footnote
These cells are important for water reabsorption and ion transport
81
What histological features are found in the ureters?
* Mucosal layer
* Muscular layer
* Adventitial layer
* Urothelium with three layers
## Footnote
The ureters' structure is adapted for their function in urine transport
82
What is the histological feature of umbrella cells in the urinary bladder?
Well-developed to protect against hypertonic urine
## Footnote
Umbrella cells are crucial for the bladder's function and structural integrity
83
How does the urethra histology differ between males and females?
Males have prostatic, membranous, and spongy urethra; females have transitional epithelium transitioning to nonkeratinized stratified squamous epithelium
## Footnote
The differences reflect the anatomical and functional distinctions between male and female urinary systems
